Tag Archives: Navarrese Royalty

August 18th

09 Wednesday Oct 2013

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Events:
1572 – Henry III of Navarre married Margaret of Valois in Paris. The bride was the daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici, as well as the sister of the French Kings Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Henry of Navarre was the heir to the French throne and would become Henry IV of France later on. Six days later, the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre occurred.

Birthdays:
1606 – Maria Anna of Spain is born in Spain to King Phillip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria. In 1631, she was married to Ferdinand III, titular King of Hungary and future Holy Roman Emperor. Their relationship was a good one, and she served as regent for her husband during his absences. They would have six children, including a future Queen of Spain, and a Holy Roman Emperor. She died at age 39, while in Austria, from complications during the birth of her sixth child, who also died shortly after birth.

1611 – Marie Louise Gonzaga is born in France to a noble family. In 1646, she married Wladyslaw IV of Poland. Within two years, he died leaving her a widow. His brother, John Casimir was elected as the next King of Poland, and Marie was married to him in 1649. She was active politically, much to the scandal of the Polish nobility. She founded the first Polish newspaper and was a patron of the literary salons. Marie died in her adopted homeland, in 1667.

1819 – Russian Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna is born as a daughter of Tsar Nicholas I and Empress Alexandra. She grew up close with her family, including her parents, who doted on their children. She was known to have a strong personality, and was active with the arts. Despite the animosity from her family, she married the German Duke of Leuchtenberg, Maximilian, nephew of Ludwig I of Bavaria. The couple remained in Russia, where she became the President of the Academy of the Arts. Her husband died in 1852, and she remarried morganatically in 1856. She eventually moved to Italy and continued to collect art until her death in 1876.

1830 – The future Franz Joseph of Austria is born in Vienna. He became Emperor in 1848, after the abdication if his uncle, Ferdinand I. He would reign for a tumultuous 68 years, through years of wars with the Italians, the Germans, and increasing nationalism in all the Austro-Hungarian lands. In 1854, he had married the young and beautiful Elisabeth of Bavaria, with whom he was very in love with, but she was not suited for Imperial court life. They had four children, the eldest daughter died in childhood, and their only son, Rudolf, committed suicide in 1889, after killing his mistress. Empress Elisabeth was herself stabbed in 1898 while traveling. In 1914, Franz’s heir, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Sarajevo, an event which not only kicked off a succession crisis in Austria-Hungary, but World War I. The Emperor did not survive the war, and died in 1916.

Deaths:
1645 – Eudoxia Streshneva, wife of Tsar Michael I, died in Moscow. She was his second wife, and married him in 1626. She was not active in politics and was overshadowed by her mother in law. In 19 years of marriage, she gave birth to ten children. Michael died in 1645, and Eudoxia followed him just over a month later.

1765 – Holy Roman Emperor Francis I died in Austria at age 56. He was born in the Duchy of Lorraine, but in 1736, after Lorraine had been surrendered to France, he married Maria Theresa of Austria, heir to the Habsburg dominions. In 1745, he was elected as Holy Roman Emperor, however he did not wield much power. Maria Theresa was the true ruler of the Empire. Francis did not outwardly seem to have a problem with his wife being the one in power. They had sixteen children, who included 2 Holy Roman Emperors, a Queen of Naples, and a famous Queen of France, Marie Antoinette.

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July 25th

04 Sunday Aug 2013

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Events:
1547 – Henry II of France is crowned King after the death of his father, Francis I. He would rule until his death in 1559.

1554 – Mary I of England married the future Phillip II of Spain, her second cousin through her mother. The marriage was wildly unpopular in England, but Mary was desperate to produce a Catholic heir, in order to disinherit her half sister , Elizabeth. She claimed to be in love with Phillip, but he told his companions he saw the marriage as “his duty” and nothing else. She was 38 years old and considered almost too old for child bearing. 4 years, 2 false pregnancies, and 200 dead Protestants later, Phillip was King of Spain and Mary would die, saying his name was carved into her heart.

1593 – Henry IV of Navarre, publicly renounced his Calvinist faith for Catholicism. He did so at the insistence of his long time mistress. It may have also been because he was the French heir to the throne, and France was still very Catholic. The move made him wildly popular when he became King of France and Navarre the following year. He was the first Bourbon king. Famously he said, “Paris is well worth a mass.”

1603 – James VI of Scotland would be crowned King of England, uniting the crowns. However England and Scotland would operate as separate nations for another 104 years.

Birthdays:
1860 – Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia is born at Potsdam. She was the daughter of Prince Friedrich Karl and Princess Maria Anna of Anhalt-Dessau. In 1879, she married Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, a younger son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. She would live in Britain for the rest of her days, except for a few years when her husband was Governor General of Canada. She died in London in 1917, at age 56. Her daughter, Princess Margaret would go on to be Crown Princess of Sweden.

No major deaths.

Have a great day!

July 3rd

09 Tuesday Jul 2013

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Events:
987 – Hugh Capet is crowned as the King of France beginning the Capetian dynasty. His descendants would rule France continuously until the Revolution of 1792.

1035 – William the Bastard becomes Duke of Normandy, which he would hold until his death in 1087. He became known as William the Conqueror after 1066, when he successfully invaded England.

1996 – The Stone of Scone is returned to Scotland after being in English possession since the reign of Edward I.

Birthdays:
1423 – The future Louis XI of France is born to Charles VII and Marie of Anjou. He rose up against his father during his time as Dauphin, but the rebellion was unsuccessful. He would become King in 1461 when his father died. During his reign the Hundred Years War officially ended with the Treaty of Picquigny, and most of Burgundy would be absorbed into France.

1746 -Sophia Magdalena of Denmark is born in Copenhagen. She was the eldest child of Frederick V and Louisa of Great Britain. In 1766, she was married to the future Gustav III of Sweden, and they became King and Queen in 1771. They would have two children, but not until 1778 and after, and their non-consummation of the marriage caused quite a scandal, leading to rumors that the children were fathered by someone else.

Deaths:
1642 – Marie de Medici died in Cologne at age 67. She was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of Henry IV. They married in 1600, but she was not crowned until 1610, the day before her husband was assassinated. She would serve as regent for her son, Louis XIII. Her daughter, Elisabeth would become Queen of Spain, and her daughter Henrietta Maria would be Queen of England and Scotland. She was constantly involved in court intrigues and was said to be scheming against her enemies until her death.

June 24th

24 Monday Jun 2013

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Events:
1314 – The Battle of Bannockburn concludes between the English and Scottish forces, with a rout in favor of the Scots. It would take England another 14 years to recognize Scottish Independence.

1340 – The Battle of Sluys took place as part of the Hundred Years War. It was a naval battle, and a decisive victory for the English, giving them control of the Channel.

1509 – Henry VIII of England and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, are crowned at Westminster Abbey in London.

Birthdays:
1314 – Philippa of Hainault is born in the Low Countries, to William I of Hainault and Joan of Valois. In 1326, she was betrothed to the future Edward III of England, in order to secure an alliance between her father and Edward’s mother, Isabella of France, who was planning an invasion of England. They married in early 1328, and her coronation took place in 1330. She would give birth to their first child, Edward, also in 1330, shortly before she turned 16. She was popular and well loved by the people, and known for her kind and compassionate nature. She acted as regent for Edward at times, while he was away on military campaigns. She passed away at age 55, outliving nine of her 14 children.

1343 – Joan of Valois is born in France, as the fifth child of John II of France and Bonne of Luxembourg. She would lose her mother to the plague when she was a young child. In 1352, she married Charles II of Navarre. She would have seven children with him. Her children include Charles III of Navarre, and Joanna of Navarre, second wife of Henry IV of England. She sadly died early in 1373, at age 30.

1535 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal is born in Madrid to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal. She was married to her first cousin twice over, Prince John Manuel of Portugal. They would have one child, born after John’s death, who went on to be Sebastian I of Portugal. She left Portugal and her son while he was still a baby, never to return or see him in person again. She lived out her days at the court of her brother, Phillip II of Spain, where she died at age 38.

1825 – Grand Duchess Alexandrova Nikolaevna is born in St. Petersburg to Russian Emperor Nicholas I and Empress Charlotte of Prussia. She was said to be beautiful with a great personality, and a talented musician. In 1844, she married to Prince Frederick William of Hesse, but she was already ill with tuberculosis, and then became pregnant shortly after. Her illness caused her to go into labor three months early, and neither her or the infant would survive. She was only 19 years old.

1860 – Mercedes of Orleans is born in Madrid as the daughter of the Duke of Montpensier, Antoine d’Orleans, and Spanish Infanta Luisa Fernanda. The niece of Queen Isabella II, she lived in Spain until the deposition of her aunt, but in 1878, after the restoration, she married her first cousin, now Alfonso XII. The marriage lasted only six months, which included a miscarried child, before Mercedes succumb to typhoid fever, just days after her 18th birthday.

1869 – The future Prince George of Greece and Denmark is born in Corfu, Greece. He was the second son of George I of Greece and Queen Olga Constantinova. He was active in the Greek military fighting against the Ottomans, and is known for once saving his cousin, the future Tsar Nicholas II, from an assassination attempt while visiting Japan. In 1907, he married Marie Bonaparte, from the non-imperial branch on the family. They had two children, Peter and Eugenie. They lived out their days in France and were married for over 50 years.

No major deaths.

Have a great day!

May 25th

25 Saturday May 2013

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Events:
1085 – Alfonso IV of Castile and Leon successfully takes the city of Toledo in Spain back from the Moorish people.

1521 – Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Edict of Worms, which declared Martin Luther an outlaw and a heretic. Luther had been promised safe passage home, but the Emperor had planned to arrest and punish him for heresy. However, the German Princes with whom the ideals of the Reformation was taking hold with, helped him by giving him shelter.

1659 – Richard Cromwell, son of Oliver Cromwell, resigned as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Richard had only been in office since September but was unable to effectively mediate between the Army and Parliament. Richard would live in self-imposed exile on the continent for a while, before returning to England after the Restoration of the Monarchy.

Birthdays:
1846 – Princess Helena is born in London as the fifth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. After the death of her father, and marriage of her sister Louise, Helena acted as a secretary for her mother. In 1866, she married Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. His family had been displaced when Germany took the territories from Denmark. It allowed Christian to live in Britain though, so Helena could stay with her mother, which was one of the Queen’s conditions for the marriage. The couple remained in England and Helena devoted herself to promoting nursing and women’s issues, despite her mother’s antagonism to the topic.

Deaths:
1555 – Henry II of Navarre died today at age 56. He had been king of Navarre since 1517 after the death of his exiled mother, Catherine of Navarre. The small country was undergoing disputes with Spain at the time and they would invade in 1525, and Henry was captured in battle. He was able to escape using a disguise. His wife would be the sister of Francis I France, Margaret of Angouleme, and his successor would be their son, John III.

1786 – Peter III of Portugal died today at age 68. He was a son of John V, but became King through his wife and niece, Maria I. They had married in 1760, when he was 42 and she was 25. They had six children that survived childhood. Peter was not involved in day to day politics but was a defender of the nobility to the point of scandal. Maria outlived him, and would be succeeded by their son, John VI.

Have an awesome day!

May 14th

14 Tuesday May 2013

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Events:
1264 – The Battle of Lewes takes place in England between Henry III and Simon de Montfort. Its considered to be part of the Second Barons War. Henry had refused to honor his part of the Provisions of Oxford which he signed in 1258. His son, Prince Edward, the future Edward I, was captured and held for several months.

Birthdays:
1316 – The future Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor is born in Prague. He was the son of John, King of Bohemia, who he succeeded in 1346. That same year, he also became King of the Romans. In 1355, the Imperial crown would follow, and in 1365, the crown on Burgundy did as well. He would be married four times, and have eight surviving children. Among them we number another Emperor, King of the Romans, Queen consort of Hungary, Queen consort of England, and an Austrian Duchess. He is credited with organizing the regions of the Empire to maintain the peace.

1553 – Marguerite of Valois was born today in 1553 as a daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici. Three of her brothers would be kings as Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. In 1572, she married Henry III of Navarre, the future Henry IV of France. Her wedding was followed by the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Her marriage was not a happy one, and after years apart, being kept in confinement, and flaunted lovers, Henry and Marguerite’s marriage was annulled in 1599. Marguerite eventually moved back to Paris and kept close ties with her former husband and his second wife, and was kind to their children.

1666 – Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia is born today in Turin, Italy. He was the son of the Duke and Duchess of Savoy. His father died in 1675, so he ascended to the Duchy, but under his mother’s regency. In the early 1680’s is when he took power for himself, and married Anne Marie of Orleans. In 1713, he became King of Sicily, and in 1720, King of Sardinia. He only ruled Sicily for three years, and was forced to give it up for Sardinia after the War of Spanish Succession. In 1730, he abdicated in favor of his son, Charles Emmanuel and married his mistress. In 1731, he attempted to reclaim his throne from his son, however he was arrested and spent his days under house arrest.

1710 – Swedish King Adolf Frederick was born today in Schleswig. He became king in 1751, after Frederick I. He was descended from Gustav I through his mother, but was an ineffective ruler. The real power laid with the Riksdag, although Adolf would attempt to install an absolutist rule. His son would later stage a coup and hold power.

Deaths:
1470 – Charles VIII and I of Sweden and Norway died at age 60 in Stockholm. He only ruled Norway for one year, before he was forced to relinquish the crown in favor of the Danish King. He had a tumultuous reign in Sweden, being deposed twice, but reinstalled three times. His kingship was spent fighting on several fronts, even with the clergy. Despite this, he was a symbol for Swedish nationality.

1610 – Henry IV of France and Navarre was assassinated by a Catholic fanatic in Paris. Henry had come to the throne of Navarre in 1572 after the death of his mother, Jeanne III, and then became King of France in 1589 after the death of his distant cousin and brother in law, Henry III. He was a Protestant in Navarre, and fought along side the Huguenots in the French Wars of Religion, but converted to Catholicism at his French accession. Henry was also the first Bourbon king of France.

1643 – Louis XIII died of tuberculosis at age 41. He had become King when he was just under 9 years old, following his father’s assassination. His mother, Marie de Medici would serve as his regent until Louis took the reigns of government from her in 1617. Eventually he would come to heavily rely on Cardinal Richelieu as his advisor and minister. France had some military victories against Spain, towards the end of Louis’ reign, which set the stage for the rise of France with his only son, Louis XIV at the helm.

1912 – Frederick VIII of Denmark died while traveling through Hamburg, Germany. He had only been King since 1906, but had been Crown Prince of Denmark for 43 years. He was the brother of Queen Alexandra of Great Britain and Empress Maria of Russia. His two elder sons would become Kings of Denmark and Norway. Had he lived longer, its believed he would have shown himself to be a very able ruler, and he was in favor of many liberal reforms.

1959 – Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal died in Luxembourg. She was the youngest child of the deposed King Manuel I, and was actually born in German exile. She married a Duke of Parma, and her daughter, Zita, became the last Austrian Empress. Her other children married into other continental royal families, including Luxembourg, Denmark, and Savoy. Maria was 96 when she died.

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April 13th

13 Saturday Apr 2013

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Events:
1111 – Henry V is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Rome. He had been King of Italy since 1098, and King of Germany since 1099. He succeeded his father, Henry IV.

1598 – Henry IV of France and Navarre issues the Edict of Nantes, which granted religious toleration to French Protestants, despite the country’s largely Catholic population. The aim was to end the French Wars of Religion, but it reaffirmed Catholicism as the religion in France. The edict remained in effect until 1685, when Henry’s grandson, Louis XIV revoked it.

Birthdays:
1519 – Catherine de Medici is born in Florence, into the powerful banking family. She was also the niece of Pope Leo X. In 1533, she would marry the future Henry II of France, and they would have three sons that went on to be Kings of France as Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Catherine would be regent for all three, on account of her husbands early death. Her daughter Margaret would marry Henry of Navarre, who would also come to rule France. Catherine was a formidable woman, both clever and ruthless. She was one of the most powerful women in Europe during her time. Her policies would keep her sons in power, but would not daunt the religious upheavals going on in France at the time, culminating with the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572.

1573 – Christina of Holstein-Gottorp is born in Germany to the Duke and Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp. She would marry the future Charles IX of Sweden in 1592 and became Queen in 1604. She was said to be tough and domineering, and while she had influence at court, she did not hold much sway over her husband. Charles died in 1611, and Christina spent some time as regent for her eldest son and future King, the famous military leader, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.

1747 – Louis Phillipe, Duke of Orleans is born in Saint Cloud, France as part of a cadet branch of the Bourbon family. He was a cousin to the doomed Louis XVI. Louis was a keen supporter of the Revolution, but did not survive the Reign of Terror and was guillotined. His son, Louis-Phillipe, would actually go on to become King in 1830 after the July Revolution and the final overthrow of the Bourbon family. The younger Phillippe would not be France’s last monarch, but he would be its last king.

No major deaths.

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April 11th

11 Thursday Apr 2013

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Events:
1689 – Prince William of Orange and his wife Princess Mary Stuart are formally crowned as joint sovereigns of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The became rulers after Mary’s father and Williams uncle, James II and VII was overthrown in the bloodless coup known as the Glorious Revolution.

1951 – The Stone of Scone is found on the altar of Arbroath Abbey. The stone was traditionally used in the coronation of the Scottish Monarchs but had been taken by Edward I of England in 1296 and kept in Westminster Abbey. The Stone had been stolen by Scottish Nationalist students.

Birthdays:
1358 – The future John I of Portugal is born in Lisbon to King Peter I and his mistress Teresa. He would become King in 1385, after his half brother, Ferdinand I died without a male heir. Ferdinand had a daughter, Beatrice, but she was married to King John of Castile and the fears were that Portugal would be absorbed into that region of Spain. There would be a brief war between Portugal and Castile, but it would die along with the Spanish John in 1390. John of Portugal would rule in peace until his death in 1433.

1492 – Marguerite of Angouleme is born in France as part of the royal Valois family. Her brother would eventually become King of France as Francis I. Marguerite’s second marriage would be to Henry II of Navarre, and their daughter would later become Queen regnant of Navarre as Jeanne III. She is regarded as a major influence of the Renaissance in France and Navarre, and wrote to and patronized many artists and humanists of the time, including Erasmus. Marguerite may have also been one of the first Reformers in France, and may have also influenced Anne Boleyn with her Reformist views while she was in France.

Deaths:
1240 – Llywelyn the Great of Wales dies in a Cistercian abbey in Wales. He had ruled most of Wales for several years. He spent several years fighting with King John of England, but after the latter’s death, he would reach a peace with Henry III, that lasted until after Llywelyn’s death. However, his heir, Dafydd, would immediately be drawn into fighting with Henry.

Have a great day!!

April 4th

04 Thursday Apr 2013

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Events:
1581 – Queen Elizabeth I of England knights Francis Drake on the deck of his ship, the Golden Hind. Drake had recently returned from his circumnavigation of the globe.

1660 – King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland issues the Declaration of Breda, which pardons crimes committed during the Civil War and Protectorate for anyone who recognizes him as King. It also allows property owners to keep any property acquired during that time, promises religious toleration for all, and payment of what’s owed to those who fought in the army.

1814 – French Emperor Napoleon I was confronted by the Generals of the Army who demanded he abdicate after Paris was captured during the War of the Sixth Coalition. The official order of abdication would be signed on April 11th.

1866 – Dmitry Karakozov attempts to shoot Russian Tsar Alexander II. He said he hated the Tsar and blamed him for the suffering of poor people. Alexander was a popular Tsar for his liberal reforms, and Karakozov was executed later that year.

Birthdays:
1819 – The future Maria II of Portugal is born in Brazil. Even though Brazil was part of Portugal at the time, she is still the only European monarch to not be born in Europe. Her father had declared himself Emperor of an independent Brazil, and abdicated in favor of his daughter. She was betrothed to her uncle, Miguel, but two years into the young queens reign she would be deposed by that same uncle. Six years later, she was restored to the throne. She would later die in Lisbon at age 34 after the birth of her 11th child, a Prince who also died.

Deaths:
1284 – Alfonso X of Castile and Leon dies at age 62 in Seville, Spain. He was the son of Ferdinand III of Castile, and had ruled since 1252. A faction of electors tried to raise Alfonso to the title of Holy Roman Emperor, but he was unable to claim the throne. The last part of his reign was scarred with civil war against his younger son, Sancho, after his elder son died. Alfonso attempted to exclude Sancho from the succession in favor of Ferdinand’s children. Alfonso would die after being defeated in the war, and Sancho would succeed him.

1305 – Joan I, Queen regnant of Navarre, and Queen consort of France died at age 32, allegedly after childbirth. She was regarded as not being particularly beautiful, but as being bold and courageous. She was married to Phillip IV of France, and they had three sons, who all became Kings of France and Navarre, and one daughter, Isabella, who became Queen of England when she married Edward II.

1588 – A 53 year old Frederick II of Denmark dies of pneumonia. He was war like at the beginning of his reign, but after the unsuccessful Swedish Seven Years War, he attempted to keep the peace with other nations. He attempted neutrality, but did support the Protestant fighters on the continent. A town and school in Norway, both named for him, still stand today. His son, Christian IV would succeed him.

1953 – King Carol II of Romania died in Portugal at age 59. He had renounced his right to the throne in 1925 in favor of his son, Michael I. However in 1930, he returned to Romania and claimed the throne from his son, going back on his renunciation. By 1938, he had dismantled the parliamentary system of Romania, with most power falling to him and his Prime Minister. In 1940 he would be forced to abdicate in favor of Michael again. He would die in exile and his remains would not be allowed into Romania until 2003.

Have an awesome day!!

March 27th

27 Wednesday Mar 2013

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No major events.

Birthdays:

972 – A son is born to Hugh Capet, King of France, named Robert. He was crowned as King during his father’s lifetime, when he was 15 years old. He would become king on his own in 996 after the death of his father. Robert’s death would come in 1031, while he was fighting with his sons, who were in open revolt.

1306 – The future Phillip III of Navarre is born in France and would become the Count of Evreux. He would be named King of Navarre by right of his wife, who was Queen regnant of Navarre, as Joan II. He was known as a military leader in defense of France during the outbreak of the Hundred Years War.

1785 – Louis-Charles is born to King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette at the Palace of Versailles. He would become the Dauphin of France in 1789 when his older brother, the heir died. He was imprisoned with his family in 1792, although separate from his parents. He would survive his parents, and after the death of his father in 1792, was considered to be King Louis XVII by Royalists, to the point that when his uncle became King after the Bourbon restoration, he took the throne as Louis XVIII. Sadly little Louis would not survive the revolution and died in captivity at age 10.

Deaths:

1350 – Alfonso XI of Castile dies in Gibraltar at age 38. He had been King since the death of his father, Ferdinand IV, in 1312, when Alfonso was only an infant. He took the reigns of government in 1325, and immediately began pitting nobles against each other to strengthen his own power. Alfonso became known as the Implacable or the Avenger because of his treatment of the nobility.

1625 – King James I and VI of England, Ireland, and Scotland died in England at age 58. He had been King of England since 1603, and King of Scotland since 1567, when he was just a year old. He became king when his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots was forced to abdicate. He inherited England after his distant cousin, Elizabeth I, died childless. In 1604, he began using the title “King of Great Britain”. Despite issues in England at the beginning of his reign, he was a very popular king at his death. However he was, and still is, criticized for his reliance on court favourites to govern while he hunted.

1879 – The 11 year old Prince Waldemar of Prussia died from diphtheria in Potsdam, Germany. He was the youngest son of the future Emperor Frederick III of Germany and Empress Victoria. Empress Victoria was the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, and thus the young Prince was a grandson of Victoria and Albert. He was a favorite of his parents and his mother was said to be inconsolable at his death.

On that note, make the most of your day!!