Tag Archives: The Louis of France

September 1st

15 Saturday Feb 2014

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Events:
1532 – Henry VIII creates Anne Boleyn Marquess of Pembroke, in her own right, in anticipation of their marriage, which happened the following year.

Birthdays:

1651 – Natalya Naryshkina is born into a minor noble family. However, in early 1671, she was catapulted to the front of Russian politics when she wed Tsar Alexis I. She would bear him three children, including the future Emperor Peter the Great. The Tsarina remained active in politics until 1676, when she was widowed. She lived at the court of her stepson, Feodor III, until his death 1682, and her son, Peter, was put forth as the ten-year-old Tsar. Natalya was put forth as regent, but was replaced by her stepdaughter, Sofia Alekseyevna, and sent away from court, while her son was named co-Tsar with his brother Ivan. When Peter assumed control of his government 1689, she returned to his court until her death in 1694.

1711 – William IV, Prince of Orange, and first hereditary stadtholder of the Netherlands. His father died just 6 six weeks before he was born, so he ruled under a regency until 1731. William married Princess Anne, the daughter of King George II of Britain. Popular with the people, he ended the indirect taxation, which made a small amount of people very rich. Dying early, at age 40, he was succeeded by his son, William V.

1878 – Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is born in Germany, as the daughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, and his wife, Russian Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna. She was a grandchild of both Queen Victoria of Great Britain, and Alexander II of Russia. “Sandra” spent her childhood in Britain and Malta, where her father was stationed, but moved to Germany permanently when her father succeeded to the Ducal throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In 1896, she was married to Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and they would later have five children. After her father’s death in 1900, she served as regent briefly for her cousin, Charles Edward, the underage Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Prior to World War II, she was a supporter of the Nazi party, but she died at age 63 in 1942, without seeing the end of the war.

Deaths:
1715 – The indomitable “Sun King” of France, Louis XIV died at age 76. Born in 1638, he was the son of Louis XIII, whom he succeeded in 1643. His reign of 72 years is the longest in French history. Louis oversaw the building of the Palace at Versailles, and turned it into the center of his court and government. He firmly believed in the Divine Right of Kings, and ruled as an absolute ruler, after consolidating power when reaching majority. France was also a leading military power in Europe during his reign. He had 6 children by his first wife, Maria Theresa of Spain, and may have married again after Maria’s death, to Francoise d’Aubigne, although the marriage was never announced or made public. His son and grandson, both named Louis, had predeceased the King, leaving as heir the five-year-old Louis XV as king.

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August 13th

24 Saturday Aug 2013

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Events:
1704 – The Battle of Blenheim takes place in Bavaria, Germany, as part of the War of Spanish Succession. The British were fighting on the side of the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch, against French and German forces. Although the French would be ultimately successful, the Alliance would be victorious today.

1792 – French King Louis XVI was arrested and declared an enemy of the State. He was jailed and the following month, France was officially declared a Republic, with Louis being stripped of all titles. He was formally referred to as “Citizen Louis Capet”. The former King was executed the following January.

Birthdays:
1311 – Alfonso XI of Castile is born in modern day Spain as the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and Constance of Portugal. He became king in 1312 after the death of his father, and ruled under regents until 1325. He continued the Reconquista of Granada from the Moors. He would become known for his ruthless and sometimes bloody methods. He ruled until 1350 when he passed away at age 38. Two of his sons would later become Kings and Peter I and Henry II.

1752 – Another daughter is born in Austria to Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Empress Maria Theresa. She is named Maria Carolina. As a child, she was said to be close to her younger sister, Maria Antonia, the ill-fated Marie Antoinette of France. In 1768, she married Ferdinand IV of Naples, and despite the marriage being a duty to both parties, she bore eighteen children, with seven becoming adults. Like her mother, she was active politically and instituted many policies. In early 1799, she and her husband would be overthrown in Naples, only to be restored again that year, ruling until 1806, when they would be deposed again. She died in 1814, in her native Austria. Among her children, she numbers a King of the Two Sicilies, a Holy Roman Empress, a Queen of France, a Queen of Sardinia, and a Princess of Spain.

1792 – Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen is born in Germany. In 1818, she married Prince William, Duke of Clarence in a double ceremony, alongside William’s brother Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Saalfeld. The younger sons of George III were trying to secure the succession after Princess Charlotte, daughter of the future George IV died. She would become pregnant several times, but she would either miscarry, or the baby would die early. In 1830, after the death of George IV, Adelaide became Queen consort. She was well loved by the people for her kindness and generosity, and got along well with her niece and future Queen, Victoria. William died in 1837, and she would not follow until 1849, well into the reign of Victoria.

Deaths:
1382 – Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Castile died giving birth to her third child, a daughter named for her, that died young as well. Eleanor was the daughter of Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily. In 1375, she married John I of Castile. They also had two sons, Henry who became king of Castile, and Ferdinand, who became King of Aragon. She was only 24 at her death.

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August 7th

18 Sunday Aug 2013

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Events:
1514 – Henry VIII signed a peace treaty with France. Part of the treaty was a betrothal of Henry’s 18 year old sister to the 52 year old Louis XII, King of France. Louis had no heir at the time and needed a young bride to try and conceive. Mary would be sent to France in October, and Louis would be dead in January.

1549 – A 5 year old Mary, Queen of Scots would be whisked away by boat to be raised at the French Royal Court, as the future wife of the Dauphin. She had been Queen of Scotland since shortly after her birth, and would be Queen of France as a teenager.

Birthdays:
1751 – Wilhelmina of Prussia is born in Berlin to Prince Augustus William and Princess Louise. In 1767, she was married to Prince William V of Orange, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. She was a staunch supporter of her husband during the revolutions of the 1780’s and used her political abilities to negotiate support from her German relatives, and was able to keep him in power until 1795, when they were exiled for a time. They lived in various places in Germany until William’s death in 1806. In 1813 though, her son would be installed as King William I of the Netherlands, the first King of the modern Dutch monarchy. She returned shortly after and lived at her son’s court, even receiving important guests, such as Russian Tsar Alexander I. She died in 1820.

1783 – Princess Amelia, the youngest child of King George III and Queen Charlotte of the United Kingdom was born in London. She was well loved by her family, but her father would suffer his first major decline into mental illness when she was just 5. She would also suffer from several afflictions throughout her life as well, including developing tuberculosis at age 15. “Emily” as her father called her, never married, but was in love with Charles Fitzroy, the son of a Baron, to the point of telling one of her brothers that she considered herself married to him. In 1808, she developed measles and other illnesses, which plunged her closer to death, which finally took her in 1810. Her father was crushed by the news, and it is believed this is one of the events that pushed him to his final bout of madness. Her eldest brother, the future George IV, who was also her godfather, asked for a death mask, and was said to be affected by the mention of her name for the rest of his life. Amelia was just 27 at her death.

1862 – Victoria of Baden is born in Germany to Grand Duke Frederick I and Princess Louise of Prussia. In 1881, she married the future King Gustaf V of Sweden, and they would be succeed to the titles of King and Queen in 1907. Despite having three children, the marriage was unhappy, and she lost her initial popularity. She was also thought to be too Pro-German during World War I. After the war, and as she got older, she spent less and less time in Sweden, leaving for months at a time, and only returning for events like birthdays. At the time of her death at age 67, she was living in Rome. Her eldest son later became King Gustaf VI Adolph of Sweden.

Deaths:
1106 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor died in Germany at age 55. He had been forced off the Imperial throne the previous year. He had been Emperor since age 6, and was fighting his sons for authority when he died. His elder son, Conrad, had been crowned King of Italy, and his younger son, would go on to be Emperor as Henry V.

1972 – Aspasia Manos, the wife of the deceased Greek King Alexander, died at age 75 in Greece. In 1919, she had married Alexander in secret civil ceremony, because of her status as a commoner. She was never referred to as Queen, only as Madame Manos, until years after her husband’s death, when she was retroactively given the title Princess of Greece and Denmark, and elevated to the title of Her Royal Highness. She and Alexander had one child, a daughter named Alexandra, who when on to be Queen consort of Yugoslavia. She lived in England for a time, and helped raise her grandson.

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August 1st

12 Monday Aug 2013

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Events:
1192 – Richard I of England landed near the town of Jaffa in the Holy Land. The Lionheart and his Crusaders were ambushed by the Muslim army of Saladin, but it would a victory for Richard and his men.

1800 – The Acts of Union passed Parliament. The Acts officially combined the nations of Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Since 1603, the nations had operated under the same sovereign, but with separate Governments.

1893 – Alexander I of Greece was born near Athens. He was a younger son of Constantine I, and became King in 1917 when his father was forced to abdicate, and both his father and his brother, the Crown Prince, were exiled. Alexander had little to do with government though, as the Prime Minister held most of the power. In 1919, he married a commoner, Aspasia Manos, and they would have one daughter, barred from the Greek succession due to her mothers humble origins. The girl would later become Queen consort Alexandra of Yugoslavia. In 1920, Alexander was bitten by a macaque and developed an infection. His father would later be restored to the crown.

Deaths:
1137 – Louis VI of France died at age 55. He had been King since 1108, and was the son of Phillip I. Like other Kings of his time, he spent much time at war. However he would emerge as a stronger King than his predecessors. Months before his death, he would be made guardian of Eleanor of Aquitaine, heiress to the richest Duchy in France. He would marry Eleanor to his son and heir, the future Louis VII.

1402 – Edmund of Langley died at age 61. He was the younger son of Edward III of England and Phillippa of Hainault. The Yorkist claimants to the throne of England are descended from him. He would spend time on military campaigns in both France and Castilian Spain. Edmund also fought on the side of Henry Bolingbroke when he invaded England and overthrew Richard II, becoming Henry IV.

1714 – Queen Anne of Great Britain and Ireland died at Kensington Palace in London. She was 49 years old. She was the younger daughter of James II and VII and his first wife, and sister to Queen Mary II. In 1683, she was married to Prince George of Denmark. They were said to be devoted to each other, but they would have no children that survived childhood. She was supportive of her sister Mary, and her brother in law William, when they overthrew James in 1688, during the Glorious Revolution. Anne was a presence at court, but had a falling out with her sister, and they would be estranged until Mary’s early death. Anne would become Queen in 1702, when William died childless. Just a few years later, Anne gave Royal Assent to the Acts of Union, which united England and Scotland into Great Britain. Her successors would her German cousins, the Hanovers.

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July 24th

03 Saturday Aug 2013

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Events:
1148 – Louis VII of France would begin the Siege of Damascus, as part of the Second Crusade. The siege would end 5 days later, in a sound defeat for the Crusaders, and begun the collapse of that Crusade.

1567 – Mary, Queen of Scots, was forced to abdicate the Scottish Crown in favor of her infant son, now James VI. She would be held at Loch Leven Castle for another year, before she escaped, attempted to regain her throne, but lost in her attempt. She then fled to England where she would be kept as a prisoner by nobles of Elizabeth I.

2001 – Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was sworn in as Prime Minister of Bulgaria. Simeon had been the last Tsar of Bulgaria as a small child and ruled under a regency. He lived in exile after the fall of Bulgaria to the Soviets and is the only monarch to return to elected office after his overthrow.

Birthdays:
1860 – Princess Charlotte of Prussia was born in Potsdam to the future Emperor Frederick III and Victoria, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom. She was the younger sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II, and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. She was married to Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Meiningen in 1878, and in 1914, they became the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen, but by the end of World War I, her husband abdicated. She was said to have a nervous personality at a young age, and had a terrible relationship with her only child, a daughter named Feodora.

Deaths:
1568 – Carlos, Prince of Asturias died in Madrid at age 23. He was the eldest son of the future Phillip II of Spain and his first wife, Princess Maria of Portugal. His father would attempt several betrothals to various prominent houses, but none would come through. He was said to be mentally unstable. In 1567, he was angry with his father over a government position he was promised, and spoke of helping the revolts in the Netherlands, and he may have spoke of his father’s murder. Phillip had him arrested, and he died in prison.

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July 21st

29 Monday Jul 2013

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Events:
1242 – The Battle of Taillebourg takes place in France between the forces of Louis IX of France, and his vassals, Henry III of England, and Hugh X of Lusignan. The battle was a decisive victory for Louis’ forces, and would end the revolts of that time.

1403 – The Battle of Shrewsbury took place in England. Henry IV led his forces and it was the first known battle where English archers fought each other. Henry had usurped the crown himself just 4 years prior, so his situation was precarious. He was victorious when the leader of the rebels, Henry Percy, was killed in battle.

1831 – Today is National Day in Belgium, which marks the inauguration of the first Belgian King, Leopold I. He was born in Germany as part of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Saalfeld, and was the husband of Princess Charlotte of Wales, the only child of George IV of the United Kingdom. Leopold was also the maternal uncle of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, and was instrumental in matchmaking the young Queen with his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Birthdays:
1858 – Maria Christina of Austria is born to an Austrian Archduke and Archduchess, and was a descendant of the once mighty house of Habsburg. In 1879, she married Alfonso XII of Spain, who left her a pregnant widow in 1885. Maria ruled as regent during the time between her husband’s death, and the birth of her son, Alfonso XIII. She was said to be a prudent and well-balanced ruler, and she gave up power in 1902, at her son’s majority.

No major deaths.

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July 10th

16 Tuesday Jul 2013

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Events:
1460 – The Battle of Northhampton took place in England as part of the Wars of the Roses. The battle was decisive victory for the Yorkists, and the Lancastrian King, Henry VI, was captured. Henry would be formally deposed the following year in favor of Edward IV.

1553 – Lady Jane Grey, cousin to Edward VI of England accepts the throne of England. She was put forth as an alternative heir to the Protestant Edward’s Catholic half sister, Mary. Jane would only be Queen for nine days.

1778 – Louis XVI signs the Declaration of War against Britain to assist the American colonies during their rebellion.

Birthdays:
1451 – James III of Scotland was possibly born today. He became King in 1460 after the death of his father, James II. He ruled through regents until 1469. Also that year, he married Margaret of Denmark, by whom he had three sons, who included the future James IV. In the early 1480’s he was at war with England, and was briefly unseated, regaining power in 1482. He died in 1488, while fighting with his son and heir. He was widely an unpopular and ineffective ruler.

1711 – Princess Amelia of Great Britain is born in Hanover, Germany. She was the daughter of King George II. Amelia Island in Florida is named in her honor. She moved to England with her family after her grandfather’s accession to the British throne and remained in England, never marrying.

1736 – Maria Walpole is born in London. She was the granddaughter of Robert Walpole, who is considered to be the first Prime Minister of Britain. She had three daughters by her first husband, but in 1766, she was thrust into fame, when she married Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester, son of George III. She was illegitimate and the marriage was not consented to by the monarch, and because of this marriage, the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 was passed, which forbade any marriage by a descendant of George III without Royal approval.

1867 – Prince Maximilian of Baden is born in Germany as the heir to the Grand Duchy of Baden. He served in the military during World War I. For a brief time in 1918, he served as Chancellor of Germany and Ministerial offices in Prussia. He was helping to oversee to governmental change from a monarchy to a parliamentary system.

1965 – Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark is born in Greece to Constantine II of Greece and Queen Anne-Marie. She was heir apparent until her father’s deposition. She is currently living in the Canary Islands with her husband and children.

Deaths:
1290 – Ladislaus IV of Hungary was assassinated at age 27. The country was in chaos due to religious differences and strife over his advisors. He was the son of Stephen V of Hungary and Elizabeth the Cuman. Ladislaus was married to Elizabeth of Anjou but they were childless so his successor was a cousin from another branch.

1480 – Rene of Anjou, King of Naples, died in Aix-en-Provence at age 71. He became King of Naples in 1435 until 1442, and after he used the title only nominally. He was a key player in the Hundred Years War, and he aided the French forces, out of dislike for the Burgundians. After 1453, he installed his elder son with Duchy of Lorraine, and all but retired from public life in 1466. He was called “Good King Rene”.

1584 – William of Orange, or William the Silent, was assassinated by a Catholic Frenchman. William had been one of the leaders of the Dutch Revolts against Spanish rule, and was considered to be a traitor by many. William is still considered to be a national hero of the Netherlands, with the following Dutch monarchs to be his descendants, the current national anthem is based on a propaganda song of his, and the flag, arms, and motto of the countries are based on William’s.

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July 3rd

09 Tuesday Jul 2013

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Events:
987 – Hugh Capet is crowned as the King of France beginning the Capetian dynasty. His descendants would rule France continuously until the Revolution of 1792.

1035 – William the Bastard becomes Duke of Normandy, which he would hold until his death in 1087. He became known as William the Conqueror after 1066, when he successfully invaded England.

1996 – The Stone of Scone is returned to Scotland after being in English possession since the reign of Edward I.

Birthdays:
1423 – The future Louis XI of France is born to Charles VII and Marie of Anjou. He rose up against his father during his time as Dauphin, but the rebellion was unsuccessful. He would become King in 1461 when his father died. During his reign the Hundred Years War officially ended with the Treaty of Picquigny, and most of Burgundy would be absorbed into France.

1746 -Sophia Magdalena of Denmark is born in Copenhagen. She was the eldest child of Frederick V and Louisa of Great Britain. In 1766, she was married to the future Gustav III of Sweden, and they became King and Queen in 1771. They would have two children, but not until 1778 and after, and their non-consummation of the marriage caused quite a scandal, leading to rumors that the children were fathered by someone else.

Deaths:
1642 – Marie de Medici died in Cologne at age 67. She was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of Henry IV. They married in 1600, but she was not crowned until 1610, the day before her husband was assassinated. She would serve as regent for her son, Louis XIII. Her daughter, Elisabeth would become Queen of Spain, and her daughter Henrietta Maria would be Queen of England and Scotland. She was constantly involved in court intrigues and was said to be scheming against her enemies until her death.

June 21st

21 Friday Jun 2013

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Events:
1529 – The legatine court convenes at Blackfriars in London, to let the Papal representative, Cardinal Campeggio, hear the case for the annulment of the marriage of Henry VIII of England and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Catherine was said to make a passionate speech before Henry and then left the court.

1791 – King Louis XVI of France, along with his wife, children, and other family members began to flee France following the outbreak the French Revolution. Their attempt would be in vain.

Birthdays:
1528 – Maria of Austria is born in Spain to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his wife, Isabella of Portugal. A fervent Catholic, she was married to her first cousin, Austrian Archduke Maximilian who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1564. After her husband’s death, she moved back to Spain, where she was an influential part of her brother, Phillip II’s court. Two of her sons became Emperors as Rudolf II and Matthias. She had also served as regent in Spain for her father and her brother.

1646 – Maria Francisca of Savoy is born in Paris to the Duke and Duchess of Nemours. She is unique for being Portuguese Queen Consort twice. First she married King Afonso VI, but the marriage was annulled in 1668, due to non-consummation. Later that year she married his brother, Peter, who also became King in 1683. Later that year, Maria died as well.

1788 – Princess Augusta of Bavaria is born in Strasbourg to Maximilian I Joseph and Augusta-Wilhelmine. In 1806, she was married to Eugene de Beauharnais, son of Josephine, and stepson to Napoleon I. The marriage was a happy one, and Eugene was made a Duke of her father’s realm. Among their children, they can count a Queen consort of Sweden, Empress of Brazil, and the husband of Maria II of Portugal.

1982 – In not-so-dead royalty, His Royal Highness, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, was born today to Charles and Diana, Prince and Princess of Wales in 1982. He is second in the line of succession to his grandmother’s crown, behind his father. Wills and his wife, Catherine, are expecting their first child any day now.

Deaths:
1377 – Edward III of England died at age 64. He is one of only 5 monarchs to rule England for more that 50 years, taking the throne in 1327 at age 14. He became king when his father was overthrown by his mother, Isabella of France, and her lover, Roger Mortimer. His father, Edward II, was forced to abdicate in the younger Edward’s favour. He was very popular during his reign, as was his wife, Phillippa of Hainault. They had nine children who survived into adulthood, who include such famous names as Edward, The Black Prince, and John of Gaunt. Edward also laid a claim to the throne of France, through his mother, and started what we know as the Hundred Years War. He also start the Chivalric Order known as the Order of the Garter, which is still in existence today.

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June 19th

19 Wednesday Jun 2013

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Events:
1269 – Louis IX of France issues a proclamation that declares all French Jews must wear a yellow badge identifying themselves or be fined.

1850 – Crown Prince Carl of Sweden and Norway was married in Stockholm to Princess Louise of the Netherlands. It was not a happy marriage, due to their incompatible personalities, and Carl’s numerous affairs.

Birthdays:
1566 – James VI of Scotland is born at Edinburgh Castle as the only child to Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. In 1567, his mother was forced to abdicate in his favor, making James king before his first birthday. He would rule under a series of regents until he was 16. However in 1603, James was named the successor of the childless Queen Elizabeth I of England, making him the first ruler of the entire island. He would rule Scotland for 57 years, the longest at the time. He had some difficulties with the English Parliament, and even plots against his life. Under James, the literary community in the Isles continued to flourish, as well as exploration in the new world. He died at age 58, to be succeeded by his son, Charles I.

1896 – Wallis, Duchess of Windsor was born today in the US, as Bessie Wallis Warfield. She would marry twice, and while living as Wallis Simpson in Britain, she met the Prince of Wales, and future king Edward VIII. Edward’s intention to marry her after his accession to the throne caused a constitutional crisis which led to his abdication in 1936, before his coronation. They married in France in 1937, and lived abroad for the rest of their lives as the Duke and Duchess of Windsor.

Deaths:
1282 – Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon died giving birth to her only child. She was the daughter of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester and Eleanor of England, and thus a granddaughter to King John I. in 1275, she was married to the Prince of Wales, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, by proxy, and finally officially in 1278. She was only about 30 years old.

1584 – Francis, Duke of Anjou, died at age 29 of malaria. He was the youngest son of Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici, and thus the younger brother to three French kings, Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Despite being Catholic, he was heavily involved in the Dutch wars, fighting on the side of the Huguenots. He was also the last suitor to Elizabeth I of England, and she was said to be quite fond of him, but the marriage never took place, due to the unpopularity of the match in England.

1787 – Princess Sophie Helene Beatrice, the youngest daughter of French King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, died just before her first birthday. She had been having convulsions for five or six days, and had been growing new teeth.

1867 – Maximilian I of Mexico is killed by a firing squad. He was an Austrian Archduke as the grandson of Emperor Francis II, and a younger brother of Franz Joseph I. He had spent time in the Austrian Navy, and was married to Charlotte of Belgium. In 1859, he was offered to Imperial Crown of Mexico, which he refused, then refused again in 1861. In 1863 he accepted the crown and lost is Austrian royal status. However, the Mexican monarchists were not in the majority and he was quickly overthrown and captured. He had tried to implement several liberal reforms, and wanted to help the people, but was short sighted in his affairs.

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