Tag Archives: The Normans

August 5th

14 Wednesday Aug 2013

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Events:
1100 – Henry I of England was crowned King in Westminster Abbey, just days after the mysterious death of his brother, William II.

1305 – William Wallace, one of the rebel leaders of the Scots in their war for independence against England, was captured by the English and sent to London for trial.

Birthdays:
1461 – Alexander Jagiellon is born in Krakow to Casimir IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth Habsburg of Hungary. In 1492 he was elected Grand Duke of Lithuania, and in 1501, he succeeded his brother as King of Poland. He principally favored his Lithuanian courtiers, and spent most of his time there, until his death in 1506.

1828 – Louise of the Netherlands is born in The Hague as a granddaughter of William I. In 1850, she was married to the future Charles XV of Sweden and Norway. The marriage was unhappy, and Charles had many public mistresses. They would have two children, despite their arranged marriage. As Queen, she did not intervene in politics but was active with charity works, although she avoided ceremonial duties. She died early at age 42 of pneumonia.

1833 – Carola of Vasa is born in Vienna to the deposed Swedish Royal Family. She was born Lutheran, but to the chagrin of her father, she converted to Catholicism. In 1853, she married Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony. She was popular and supported the building of new hospitals, and entertained soldiers. Albert became King of Saxony in 1873, and they ruled until 1902, when he died. She died in Dresden just five years later.

1939 – Princess Irene of the Netherlands is born to Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard. She is the younger sister of the former Queen Beatrix and the aunt of the current Dutch King, Willem Alexander. In 1963, she secretly converted to Catholicism and married the Spanish Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, and pretender to the Spanish crown. They had four children before their divorce in 1981, and she returned to the Netherlands, where she resides today.

Deaths:
1877 – Gustav, Prince of Vasa died in Austria. He was the one time Crown Prince of Sweden, until his family was deposed when he was ten. He had also spent time in the military of Austria, under the Habsburg family, receiving grants and titles in appreciation. He would be buried in Stockholm, by his father.

1901 – Victoria, German Empress and Princess Royal died in Germany under the reign of her son, Wilhelm II. She was the eldest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, and was in close communication with her mother for all her life. She was actually only German Empress for only 3 months, as her husband, Fredrick III, was already terminally ill at his accession. Vicky had a very strained relationship with her son, who suspected her of supporting liberal policies.

Have a good one!

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August 2nd

12 Monday Aug 2013

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Events:
1830 – Charles X of France, abdicated the throne of France. His son, Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angouleme, also abdicated his claim, twenty minutes later. Charles would be the last King of the mighty House of Bourbon.

Birthdays:
1858 – The future Queen Emma of the Netherlands is born in Germany. She was the wife of William III of the Netherlands, and would serve as regent for her young daughter, Wilhelmina, after her husband’s death in 1890. She stepped down as regent in 1898 as Wilhelmina turned 18. She remained active as the popular Queen mother until her death.

1868 – Constantine I of Greece is born in Athens to King George I and Queen Olga. He had actually been king twice, the first time from 1913-1917, when he abdicated in favour of his son Alexander. Alexander died suddenly just a few years later, and a national referendum was voted on, where the people decided to bring Constantine back as King. After his second abdication, he was forced into exile in Italy, where he died in 1923.

Deaths:
1100 – King William II of England was shot by an arrow while hunting and died. He was the eldest son of William the Conqueror, an succeeded him in 1087. He had a difficult relationship with the church. William was called “William Rufus” do to his red-faced appearance. He had no legitimate children, and would be succeeded by his younger brother as Henry I.

1589 – French King Henry III died at age 37. He was a younger son Henry II and Catherine de Medici. Before he was King of France, he was actually elected as King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from 1573 until 1575. He became King of France in 1574 after the death of his elder brother, Charles IX. He died at the hand of a Catholic assassin, Jacques Clement, who thought Henry was too tolerant of Protestants.

Have a great day!

July 3rd

09 Tuesday Jul 2013

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Events:
987 – Hugh Capet is crowned as the King of France beginning the Capetian dynasty. His descendants would rule France continuously until the Revolution of 1792.

1035 – William the Bastard becomes Duke of Normandy, which he would hold until his death in 1087. He became known as William the Conqueror after 1066, when he successfully invaded England.

1996 – The Stone of Scone is returned to Scotland after being in English possession since the reign of Edward I.

Birthdays:
1423 – The future Louis XI of France is born to Charles VII and Marie of Anjou. He rose up against his father during his time as Dauphin, but the rebellion was unsuccessful. He would become King in 1461 when his father died. During his reign the Hundred Years War officially ended with the Treaty of Picquigny, and most of Burgundy would be absorbed into France.

1746 -Sophia Magdalena of Denmark is born in Copenhagen. She was the eldest child of Frederick V and Louisa of Great Britain. In 1766, she was married to the future Gustav III of Sweden, and they became King and Queen in 1771. They would have two children, but not until 1778 and after, and their non-consummation of the marriage caused quite a scandal, leading to rumors that the children were fathered by someone else.

Deaths:
1642 – Marie de Medici died in Cologne at age 67. She was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of Henry IV. They married in 1600, but she was not crowned until 1610, the day before her husband was assassinated. She would serve as regent for her son, Louis XIII. Her daughter, Elisabeth would become Queen of Spain, and her daughter Henrietta Maria would be Queen of England and Scotland. She was constantly involved in court intrigues and was said to be scheming against her enemies until her death.

May 19th

19 Sunday May 2013

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Events:
1445 – The First Battle of Olmedo takes place between the forces of John II of Castile and troops from Aragon and Navarre.

1499 – Spanish Infanta Catherine of Aragon is married by proxy to Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales. They were 13 and 12. Two years later they would marry in person, but just months later Arthur died suddenly.

1536 – Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII and mother of future Elizabeth I of England, is executed within the Tower of London on charges of Treason, Adultery, and Incest. She was executed by a French executioner from Calais who used a sword, instead of an axe. She gave a heartfelt speech, but was careful not to accuse anyone of wrongdoing, probably to protect her daughter. Henry did not make arrangements for her burial, so she was put in an arrow chest and buried in the chapel within the Tower.

1568 – Elizabeth I ordered the arrest of Mary, Queen of Scots, who had fled to England after her defeat and abdication. Mary was suspected of being involved in the death of her second husband. Although there was some circumstantial evidence, nothing could be proved and Mary was never found guilty. Her fate hung in limbo for almost 20 years, until she was found guilty of plotting Elizabeth’s murder and overthrow.

Birthdays:
1744 – Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz is born in Germany. In 1761, she married George III of the United Kingdom and Elector of Hanover. She and George would become King and Queen of Hanover in 1814. They had 13 children survive to adulthood, who include George IV and William IV of the United Kingdom, Ernest Augustus I of Hanover, and Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, father to Queen Victoria. She was said to be greatly troubled by her husbands illness and was his legal guardian for the last years of her life. Although, she did not visit him often, possibly because of violent outbursts. She was a great patron of music, including the works of Handel and even met a young Mozart.

1797 – Maria Isabel of Portugal is born as the daughter of John VI of Portugal and Carlota Joaquina of Spain. In 1816 she married her uncle, Ferdinand VII of Spain. She got pregnant twice within two years of the marriage, the first being stillborn, and the second being stillborn as well, but the second birth would claim Maria’s young life. She was just 21 years old.

Deaths:
1102 – Stephen II, Count of Blois dies at age 57 during the Second Battle of Ramla. He participated in the First Crusade and other small battles after. His most important contribution though is being the father Stephen I of England.

Have an awesome day!

May 3rd

03 Friday May 2013

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Events:
1860 – Charles XV and IV of Sweden and Norway is crowned as King of Sweden in Stockholm. Today is also his birthday.

Birthdays:
1415 – Cecily Neville is born in England to Ralph Neville and Joan Beaufort, the Earl and Countess of Westmorland. She was a great-granddaughter to Edward III and Queen Philippa. She married Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, and in time, gave birth to three daughters, who all married into peerage, and four sons, two of whom became Kings of England as Edward IV and Richard III. “Proud Cis” lived until she was 80, and thus watched the whole of the Wars of the Roses, which her family was deeply entrenched in. She outlived all of her sons. But Cecily lived long enough to watch her granddaughter, the once illegitimatized Elizabeth, Edward IV’s daughter, become Queen consort of England. Since Henry VIII, every English monarch is somehow descended from Cecily Neville.

1446 – Today in Cecily gave birth to a daughter, Margaret. In 1468, Margaret left England, and married the Duke of Burgundy , Charles the Bold. The marriage was meant to ally Burgundy and England against France, but due to political machinations, this did not come about. However, Margaret was still an asset to Charles, as she was an intelligent and capable administrator during his absences. After Charles’ death, Margaret acted as regent and protector of the Duchy for her step-children. She was ultimately unable to prevent the wars and dynastic struggles that came after, but Margaret died in 1503 with the reputation as a strong female figure.

1764 – Elisabeth of France is born at the Palace of Versailles. Her father was Louis, Dauphin of France, and son to Louis XV. At age two she was orphaned, with the sudden loss of both her parents. Her elder brother became the Dauphin, and later, Louis XVI. She refused to marry, because it would have caused her to leave France, and she was devoted to her brother. She also refused to leave France on the outbreak of the Revolution and was a staunch supporter of the Royalists. She paid for this devotion with her life, when she was guillotined in 1794.

1826 – Charles XV of Sweden and IV of Norway was born today in Stockholm. In 1860 today, he was also crowned as King of Sweden, with his Norwegian coronation following months later. Though he was forced to remain neutral during any fighting during his reign, he was able to maintain a good relationship with Frederick VII of Denmark. His daughter married the future Frederick VIII. He would have no surviving sons, but his brother would succeed him as Oscar II. The current kings of Sweden are not descendants of his, but the Norwegian ones are, through his daughters Danish children.

1870 – Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein is born in England to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein and Princess Helena of Great Britain. Through her mother she was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. In 1917 after her cousin, George V, changed the name of his family to the House of Windsor and renounced German titles on behalf of many of his family members, Helena stopped using her territorial designation. She never married, and spent her life doing charitable works for young people. One of her last public appearances was in 1947 at the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Lt. Phillip Mountbatten.

Deaths:
1152 – Matilda of Boulogne died in England of a fever. She was the wife of Stephen I of England, and Countess of Boulogne in her own right. She was a fierce supporter of her husband during his fights with his cousin also named Matilda. She rallied troops to his cause, and later acted as negotiator when Stephen was captured. She even led an attack on the other Matilda’s army when they were besieging the city of Winchester. Her title and lands of Boulogne passed through her children, until landing with her daughter, Marie.

Have an awesome day!

May 1st

01 Wednesday May 2013

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Events:
1328 – The Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton was ratified. The treaty officially ended the First War of Scottish Independence. It recognized Scotland as its own nation, the heirs of Robert the Bruce as rulers, and settled on a border. The treaty was wildly unpopular with the English nobility, and thus made the Dowager Queen Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer, more unpopular with it. Sadly peace only lasted 5 years, when Edward III later started the Second War.

1576 – Anna Jagiellon, Queen regnant of Poland marries Transylvanian Prince Stephan Batory. He was crowned as King and co-ruler the same day. They ruled together until 1586, when Stephan died. Their reign was wildly successful, and they are looked on as some of the most popular rulers of Poland.

1707 – The Acts of Union which united England and Scotland took effect, making the two countries, which had shared a monarch since 1603, formally the United Kingdom of Great Britain. The two Parliaments also met today, to convene as one.

1785 – The Kingdom of Hawaii is established under the rule of King Kamehameha I, although the full conquest of the islands would take several more years. The formal Kingdom was declared in 1810.

Birthdays:
1218 – Rudolph I is born in Germany to the Habsburg family. Elected King of Germany in 1273, he was one of the early monarchs of the House and helped push them into prominence in Europe. He attempted to consolidate his power by establishing peace among the German regions, but was unsuccessful. His attempts at peace would continue until shortly before his death in 1291 at age 73.

1850 – Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn was born today. He was a younger son of Victoria and Albert, and spent his life in Military service, including World War I. He was appointed to be Governor General of Canada for a time too, under his nephew, George V’s rule. He mostly withdrew from public life in 1928, but at the onset of World War II, he engaged with some of the younger military recruits. He died at age 91, in 1942.

1964 – In not so dead royalty, Lady Sarah Chatto is born. She is the only daughter of Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon and Anthony Armstrong-Jones, Earl of Snowdon. She is a niece of Queen Elizabeth II. She is currently 20th in line to the throne, and her two children are 21st and 22nd.

Deaths:
1118 – Matilda of Scotland died at approximately 38. She was the daughter of Malcolm III and Saint Margaret of Scotland, and a descendant of the House of Wessex. She married Henry I of England in 1100, appeasing people in Southern England, who resisted the Normans. She was the mother of the doomed William Adelin, who died in the White Ship accident, and to Matilda, Holy Roman Empress, who later tried to claim England after her father’s death. The elder Matilda is interred at Westminster Abbey.

1308 – Albert I of Germany died at age 52 in Austria. He had become King of the Germans in 1298, not immediately after his father, Rudolph I’s death. He ruled for only 10 years, but spent all the time consolidating the German states. Unlike his father, he was able to secure the succession for his son, but his son died before he could ascend. He would be succeeded as king by Henry VII of Luxembourg.

1539 – Isabella of Portugal, Queen consort of Spain and Holy Roman Empress, died at 35 after the birth of her 6th child. She was the daughter of Manuel II of Spain and Maria of Castile and Aragon. She was the mother of the future Phillip II of Spain, and Holy Roman Empress Maria of Austria. She was as intelligent as she was beautiful, and served as regent for her husband multiple times while he was away fighting. When she died, her husband, Charles V was said to be deeply upset. He never remarried, and dressed in black until he died.

1920 – Princess Margaret of Connaught and Crown Princess of Sweden died suddenly of an infection at age 38. She was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert through their son, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. She married the future Crown Prince of Sweden, Gustaf Adolph in 1905. It was said to be a happy marriage, and Margaret was loved for her charity work for the poor and the war effort during World War I. She is the grandmother of two current monarchs, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and Margrethe II of Denmark, and the deposed Queen consort of Greece, Anne-Marie.

Have a great day!

April 23rd

23 Tuesday Apr 2013

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Events:
1348 – The Order of the Garter is founded today in England by Edward III. It is the oldest and most prestigious order of chivalry in the United Kingdom and is very limited in membership. In addition to the Monarch and Prince of Wales, there are only an additional 24 members. The motto is Middle French, “Honi soit qui mal y pense”, or “Shame upon him who thinks evil upon it.

1661 – Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland is crowned King at Westminster Abbey. He had been declared King a few months prior, following the execution of his father, Charles I and overthrow of the monarchy in 1649, and the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, and the subsequent breakdown of Richard Cromwell’s government. Charles would be the last sovereign to make the traditional procession through London, from the Tower of London to Westminster Abbey.

Birthdays:
1141 – The future Malcolm IV is born in Scotland. He became king in 1153 after the death of his grandfather David I. Malcolm would maintain a good relationship with Henry II of England, even going to fight in France with him. Sadly he died early at age 24, before he could solidify his legacy.

1170 – Isabella of Hainault is born to the Count and Countess of Hainault. In 1179 she married the future Phillip II of France, becoming Queen consort the following year. In 1187 she gave birth to the future Louis VIII, but in 1190, when pregnant for the second time with twins, she died just shy of her 20th birthday.

1185 – Afonso II of Portugal is born in Coimbra, Portugal. He was the son of Sancho I and father to the future Sancho II and Afonso III. He was able to maintain peace with neighboring Castile, and spent his reign centralizing power and improving infrastructure within his lands. However a long standing dispute with the Pope would see him excommunicated at the time of his death in 1223.

Deaths:
1016 – Aethelred the Unready died in England. He had been king since he was between 10 or 13 years old. He was between 47 and 50 years old. He had ongoing disputes with the invading Danes, which would carry over into the reigns of his sons, Edmund Ironside, and Edward the Confessor.

1124 – Alexander I of Scotland died at age 44, having been king since 1107. Alexander had succeeded his elder brother Edgar, but Edgar had left a provision for their other brother, David, to hold lands in Southern Scotland. This provided for strife between the brothers, but Alexander was still ultimately in control. He would even help Henry I fight in Wales, and married Henry’s illegitimate daughter, Sybilla. He was said to be incredibly pious and religious, but also intensely fierce in battle. His younger brother David succeeded him, as he had no children.

1151 – Adeliza of Louvain died at the Affligem Abbey in Brabant. She was the second wife of Henry I of England and was Queen consort from 1121-1135. She married again after Henry’s death and her husband was made Earl of Lincoln by King Stephen. They had seven children, and through them, she is the ancestress of Henry V, VI, and VII, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, and Catherine Howard. She was known for her kind nature, and her patronage of hospitals and the sick.

1307 – Joan of Acre died in Suffolk, England at age 35. She was the daughter of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile and was born while they were on Crusade. She was married first to the Earl of Hertford, who died after just 5 years of marriage, but they managed to have 4 children. Her second marriage was scandalous, as he was a minor knight in her father’s household. Joan actually convinced her father to knight him, and then married him in secret. This caused strife with her father, but they were able to reconcile. Its believed, though not proved that she died in childbirth.

1625 – Maurice, Prince of Orange and Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands died while fighting the Spanish in Breda. He had been a principle leader in the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule. Maurice is still renowned as a great military commander for his time, and the successes of the Dutch revolt are attributed to him. The island nation of Mauritius was named in his honour, after being colonized by the Dutch.

Have a great day!

February 7th

07 Thursday Feb 2013

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Events:
1301 – Edward of Caernarvon, son of Edward I and future Edward II of England is formally installed as Prince of Wales, starting the tradition of the heir apparent bearing that title.

Birthdays:
1102 – Believed to be the birthdate of Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. She became Holy Roman Empress at a young age, but was widowed when her husband, Henry V died. She would return to England and be named her father’s heir to the English crown, but at his death, her cousin, Stephen, was crowned instead, because of Matilda being a woman. Thus started a period called The Anarchy as she and Stephen fought for years. She finally relinquished her claim, but her son by her second husband, would go on to be the formidable Henry II of England.

1693 – Anna Ioannovna is born to Tsar Ivan V of Russia. She was also the niece of Peter the Great and thus became Empress in 1730 after the death of Peter II. She was known for her cruelty, especially to the nobility. She would further alienate the Russian nobles when she denied them government positions, instead giving them to German courtiers. She reigned for ten years, and was succeeded by Peter’s daughter, Elizabeth.

Deaths:
1837 – Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden died at age 58 while exiled in Switzerland. He had been King from 1792 until 1809, when his failed diplomatic and war policies caught up with him. It was under his rule that Finland was lost by the Swedes and gained by the Russians. Not only was he forced to abdicate, but his sons were also barred from the succession, leaving his uncle to be declared Charles XIII.

1999 – King Hussein of Jordan dies after a trip to the US of lymphoma. It was his second battle with cancer, having also fought kidney cancer years before. He was 63 years old and had been king for 46 years. Shortly before he died, he changed his will to remove his brother, Hassan as his heir, and thus left the throne to his son, the current Jordanian king, Abdullah II.

February 2nd

03 Sunday Feb 2013

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Events:
1141 – The Battle of Lincoln takes place in England as part of the larger civil war known as the Anarchy. The forces of Empress Matilda defeated her cousin, King Stephen, taking him prisoner and securing her places as Queen for a short time.

1901 – The funeral of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom takes place. She had laid in state for two days and was buried with various effects from her family and companions through life. It snowed as she was interred next to her husband, Prince Albert.

Birthdays:
1208 – James I of Aragon is born in Spain as the son of Peter II of Aragon. He would become King at age 5 after the death of his father and rule until majority under a regency. He would become known as James the Conqueror for his expansion of Aragonese lands and for his part in the early Reconquista.

1455 – John I of Denmark would be born in Aalborg Castle to King Christian I and Queen Dorothea. Later on he would hold the crowns of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. He would hold Denmark and Norway until his death, but lose Sweden in 1501, after four years of rule.

1494 – In Italy, Bona Sforza, future Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuiania is born to the powerful Sforza family of Milan. Among her children, she could number a King of Poland and Lithuania, the Queen consort to her son’s elected successor, a Queen of Hungary, and a Queen of Sweden. She would return to Italy after becoming a widow, but he poisoned by someone who owed her considerable monies.

1882 – Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark is born in Athens as a son to King George I of Greece and Queen Olga. Prince Andrew is most famous in his youngest child, who we know today as the husband of Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Deaths:
1461 – Owen Tudor would be executed as a prisoner of war after the Lancastrian forces he led in the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross during the Wars of the Roses. He was the husband of Catherine of Valois, Dowager Queen of England as the wife to Henry V and mother to Henry VI. His grandson would go on to be the future Henry VII of England, making Owen the founder of the Tudor dynasty.

Have a great day!

January 6th

06 Sunday Jan 2013

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Events:
1066 – Harold Godwinson is crowned as King of England in London the day after the death of Edward the Confessor. This would lead to the Norman invasion of England by William, Duke of Normandy, who claimed that Edward wanted him as successor.

1492 – Ferdinand and Isabella march triumphantly into Grenada, Spain after driving out the Moors and thus completing the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula.

1540 – Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth wife, who was the daughter of a German Duke. Anne was not what Henry believed her to be and was looking for a way out of the marriage before it began. Six months later it would be annulled on grounds of her pre-contract and non-consummation of the marriage. Anne did not fight the annullment as was rewarded with several houses and a yearly pension.

1929 – King Alexander of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, suspends the countries constitution, in a move which is called the January 6th dictatorship today. The Constitution would not be reinstated until Alexanders assassination in 1934.

1978 – The Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen was returned to Hungary. It was being held previously in the US, since World War II. The crown had been given to the Americans for safe keeping by the Hungarian Crown Guard, from the Soviets.
It joined the rest of the surviving Hungarian coronation regalia, and they all reside on display in the Hungarian Parliament Building.

Birthdays:
1367 – The future Richard II of England is born in Aquitaine to the Prince of Wales, Edward, who was the son of Edward III. Richard would become King at 10 years old, after the deaths of his father and grandfather. Richard would be part of putting down the Peasants Revolt of 1381, but was ultimately deposed in 1399, for his cousin Henry Bolingbroke, who became Henry IV.

1655 – Future Holy Roman Empress Eleonor Magdalene of Nueberg is born in Dusseldorf. Her husband became Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, but being that she was very pious, she initally wanted to be a nun, and her religous fervor carried over to her household and court. Her son became Joseph I of the Holy Roman Empire and her granddaughter would be the indomitable Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.

1900 – Maria, Queen of Yugoslavia is born in Romania. She was the daughter Ferdinand I of Romania and Marie of Edinburgh (or Marie of Romania). Called “Mignon”, she married King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in 1922. They would have three children, including the future Peter II of Yugoslavia, the last king of that nation. Loved and respected by the people for her humanitarian work, she eventually moved to England after the death of her husband, where she died in 1961. Her remains were buried there until 2013, when her body was exhumed and moved back to Serbia.

No major deaths.

Have an awesome day!!