Tag Archives: The Stuarts

July 15th

22 Monday Jul 2013

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Events:
1381 – Richard II oversees the execution of John Ball, one of the leaders of the failed Peasant’s Rebellion.

Birthdays:
1737 – Princess Louise of France is born at Versailles to King Louis XV and Queen Marie Leszczynska. She was their tenth and youngest child. She grew up at Fontevraud Abbey, but returned to live at Versailles at her father’s court. She later took the vows of a nun, and was prioress of the convent at Saint-Denis. Louise died there in 1789 at the age of 50.

1837 – Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is born in Germany to the Prince Hohenzollern, Charles Anthony, and his wife, Josephine of Baden. In 1858, she was married to Peter V of Portugal. She founded a few hospitals, but within a year of the marriage, she died of diphtheria in 1859. She was just 22 years old, and Pedro never remarried.

Deaths:
1291 – Rudolph I of Germany died at age 73 in Speyer, Germany. He was elected King of Germany in 1273, he was one of the early monarchs of the House of Habsburg and helped push them into prominence in Europe. He attempted to consolidate his power by establishing peace among the German regions, but was unsuccessful. His attempts at peace would continue until shortly before his death.

1685 – James Scott, Duke of Monmouth was executed in London. He was an illegitimate son of the late King Charles II. Monmouth was also a Protestant, and tried to overthrow his Catholic Uncle, now King James II and VII. The rebellion failed, and the Duke was captured and executed.

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July 13th

19 Friday Jul 2013

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Events:
1174 – William I of Scotland is captured during the Revolt of 1173-1174. He was a key player in the rebellions against Henry II of England.

1249 – A seven year old Alexander III was crowned as the King of Scots at Scone. He would rule through regents until 1262, at age 21. Alexander ruled until his sudden death from a fall off his horse in 1286.

Birthdays:
1608 – The future Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Empire is born in Graz, Austria. He was the son of Emperor Ferdinand II, and ruled since 1637. While Emperor, Ferdinand granted the rights to set their own foreign policies to all the rulers of the small German states under his authority, thus beginning the slow break up of the Empire. He was also a major patron of music and was said to have composed some pieces himself.

1776 – Caroline of Baden is born in Germany to the Hereditary Princess and Princess of Baden. In 1797, she married Maximilian, who became the Elector of Bavaria in 1799. In 1806, at the breakup of the Empire, her husband was promoted to King of Bavaria, making Caroline Queen consort. They would have no sons that lived until adulthood, but her daughters would marry into other German and Austria Royal families.

1798 – Princess Charlotte of Prussia is born to King Frederick William III and Queen Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. On her birthday in 1817, she married the future Nicholas I of Russia, and converted to Russian Orthodoxy, taking the name Alexandra Feodorovna. The marriage was happy, and produced several children, including Alexander II. Her husband’s reign was marred but revolts and wars, and Alexandra suffered ill health for quite a while. She did outlive her husband though, dying in 1860 and age 62.

1889 – Princess Louise Battenburg is born in Hesse, Germany. Her father was Prince Louis of Battenburg and her mother was Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine. In 1917, her family’s name was changed to “Mountbatten” after her family renounced its German titles for British ones. She was then known as Lady Louise Mountbatten, after her father was created a Marquess. She traveled throughout Europe as a child and received several marriage proposals, but in 1923, she married Swedish Crown Prince Gustaf Adolph, later Gustaf VI Adolph. They would become King and Queen in 1950. It was a happy marriage and they were in love. She was respected in her new home, and had great love for it herself. However they only had one child, a daughter who was stillborn. She succumb to illness and died in 1965.

Deaths:
1189 – Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony died in Brunswick, Germany, in her early 30’s. She was the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Her husband was called Henry the Lion, and she would act as his regent while he was away on campaign. Her second son would go on to be Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor.

1807 – Henry Benedict Stuart died in Rome at age 82. He was the younger son of the “Old Pretender” James Stuart, and the younger brother of “Bonnie Prince Charlie”. He entered the Church at a young age and became a Cardinal. He was never recognized as King of England and Scotland, but he referred to himself publicly and privately as the Cardinal-Duke of York.

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July 12th

18 Thursday Jul 2013

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Events:
1191 – Saladin’s troops in Acre surrendered to Phillip II of France, ending a two year siege of the city.

1543 – King Henry VIII of England and Ireland married his sixth wife, Catherine Parr, the recently widowed Lady Latimer. The marriage would last until Henry’s death in 1547.

1690 – The Battle of the Boyne took place in Ireland between the forces of the deposed James II and VII and his son in law, William III. The battle was a victory for the Williamites and James would never regain the British crowns.

1806 – Sixteen German states and Liechtenstein form the Confederation of the Rhine after leaving the Holy Roman Empire.

Birthdays:
1596 – The future Michael I of Russia is born in Moscow. He was the nephew of Ivan the Terrible’s wife, Anastasia, and was offered the throne in 1613. It was the first Tsar from the House of Romanov, who would rule Russia until the abolition of the monarch in 1918. He was said to have a good personality, and left the government to his councilors most of the time. His son would succeed him as Alexei I. Michael died also on this day in 1645.

1870 – Prince Louis II of Monaco is born in Baden, Germany as the son of Albert I and Lady Mary Hamilton. He became Sovereign in 1922, following the death of his father. Under his rule, Monaco formed its first Football Club and the first Grand Prix of Monaco took place as well. He attempted to remain neutral during World War II, but Monaco was occupied by the Nazis. He would do his best to help Jews who were about to be arrested escape capture. His grandson and successor, Rainier thought Louis to hesitant to fight the Nazis, which caused a rift between them.

No additional deaths.

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June 30th

30 Sunday Jun 2013

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Events:
1559 – King Henry II of France was mortally wounded in a jousting tournament. He would not die immediately. Henry hung on for several days, due to the efforts of his royal surgeon, but he would succumb to his injuries and infection on July 10. Henry had asked for his mistress, Diane de Poitiers, but she was denied access to the King by his wife, Catherine de Medici. The new King was his 15 year old son, Francis II.

1688 – William, Prince of Orange and Stadtholder of the Netherlands received a letter from seven British nobles asking him to invade Britain and take the throne along side his wife, Princess Mary Stuart. They asserted that the infant son of King James II and VII was an impostor, and the were unhappy with James’ Catholic rule, and the idea of it continuing. William’s wife, Mary, was also James’ daughter, but a Protestant, and William was James’ nephew and third in line for the British crown. William would successfully invade later that year, in what is now called the “Glorious Revolution”.

Birthdays:
1470 – The future Charles VIII of France is born to King Louis IX and Charlotte of Savoy. He succeeded his father in 1483, when just thirteen years old. His elder sister, Anne of France, served as regent along side her husband, Peter, Duke of Bourbon, until Charles took the reigns of government in 1491. He married Anne of Brittany, and they would have four children, none of which survived childhood. He also began the French invasions into Italy, but they would be postponed in 1498, when he suddenly died of a head injury at age 27.

1964 – In not so dead royalty, Alexandra, Countess of Fredericksborg is born in Hong Kong to part British, part Asian, and part Austrian parents. In 1995, she married Danish Prince Joachim of Denmark and had two sons with him. They divorced in 2005, and she remarried in 2007, losing her title of Her Royal Highness and Princess, but retaining her Countess title.

Deaths:
1670 – Princess Henrietta of England, died in France at just age 26. When she was three years old, she fled England with the rest of her family, and was just five when her father was executed. She would live in the court of her cousin, Louis XIV, and marry Phillippe, Louis’ brother, and also her first cousin, in 1660, after her brother’s restoration as King Charles II. She had two daughters with him, who went on to be Queen consorts of Spain and Sardinia, and was a key player in the secret Treaty of Dover, which attempted to reconcile France and England.

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June 29th

29 Saturday Jun 2013

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Events:
1644 – The Battle of Cropredy Bridge takes place between the Royalist forces led by King Charles I and the forces of the Parliamentarians. It was a victory in favor of the Royalists, and one of the few.

Birthdays:
1136 – Petronilla of Aragon is born in Spain to Ramiro II of Aragon and his wife, Agnes of Aquitaine. She became Queen when just one year old at the abdication of her father. She was also married when a baby, but did not consummate the marriage until she was 15. They had five children, and in 1164, after her husband’s death, she abdicated in favor of her eldest son, Alfonso, who was just seven. She lived out her days in Barcelona until her death in 1173 at age 37.

1398 – John II of Aragon is born to Ferdinand I and Queen Eleanor. He married Blanche I of Navarre in 1425, and was this king by marriage. In 1458 he succeeded to the throne of Aragon. He would later fight his son by Blanche for the Navarrese crown. His daughter later became Queen as Eleanor I. He lived until 1479 when he died at age 81. His son by his second marriage, Ferdinand became ruler of Aragon, and with his wife, Isabella, the united Spain.

1482 – A daughter is born to Isabella of Aragon and Ferdinand of Castile. Maria of Aragon, was actually a twin, but the other girl was stillborn. She was the sisters of Catherine of Aragon, and Juana of Castile. In 1500, she married Manuel of Portugal, who was married to her sister Isabella, until Isabella’s death in 1498. They had eight children to survive into adulthood. Her eldest son went on to be John III of Portugal, and her daughter Isabella, was Holy Roman Empress as the wife of Charles V. She died in 1517 at age 34.

1844 – King Peter I of Serbia is born in Belgrade. He spent much of his youth in exile, in Romania and Geneva. After a coup d’état, he was offered the crown of Serbia in 1903. He was a hands off ruler, especially during World War I, But after the war, the name of the kingdom was changed to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. This made him the last king of Serbia and the first king of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. His son succeeded him as Alexander I.

1911 – Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld was born in Germany. He met Princess Juliana of the Netherlands in 1936, and they married in 1937. He was the father of the future Queen Beatrix. He fought alongside the Dutch during World War II, and when the Nazis invaded the Netherlands, he did not want to leave in exile with his wife and daughters. He would work closely with the British and fly planes with the RAF. He became Prince Consort in 1948 when Juliana became Queen. His post war years were unfortunately marred with scandal.

Deaths:
1509 – Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby died in London. She outlived her son, Henry VII of England by just two months. She was a descendant of Edward III, through his son, John of Gaunt and his legitimized children. When she was 12, she was married to Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who was a half brother to King Henry VI. She became pregnant, and while very pregnant, Edmund was killed. The birth was very difficult, but mother and baby survived. Despite further marriages, the baby, Henry, would be her only child. While her son was abroad in France, for his protection, she arranged his future marriage to Elizabeth of York, once he successfully claimed the crown, which he did, in 1485. She was devoted and protective of her son, and was a major influence on him, even after he was king. She was known to be extremely pious, and endowed and created schools.

1875 – Ferdinand I of Austria died in Prague at age 82. He was the son of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of the Two Sicilies. He was burdened with mental illness and several disorders. He was severely epileptic, and had five seizures trying to consummate his marriage to Maria Anna of Sardinia. In 1848, the people revolted, and Ferdinand would abdicate in favor of his cousin Franz Joseph I, who ruled the Austrian Empire for 68 years. He lived out his days in the Bohemian lands where he was popular and the people were sympathetic.

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June 23rd

23 Sunday Jun 2013

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Events:
1314 – The Battle of Bannockburn started in Scotland between the Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce and the English forces under Edward II. The battle is considered part of the First War of Scottish Independence. The fighting would last two days, and be a decisive victory in favor of the Scots.

1532 – Francois I of France and Henry VIII of England sign a secret treaty to oppose Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

1661 – The marriage contract between Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland and Catherine of Braganza is finalized.

Birthdays:
1373 – Joan II of Naples is born in Dalmatia to Charles III and Margaret of Durazzo. She would become Queen of Naples in 1414 after the death of her elder brother. She married twice, but had no children. She ruled until 1435, when she died at age 61.

1456 – Margaret of Denmark is born as the daughter of Christian I and Dorothea of Brandenburg. At age 13, she was married to James III of Scotland in order to settle disputes. They would have three sons, which include the future James IV. She was said to be a popular Queen, more so than her husband. She died early though at age 30, and rumors of her being poisoned still persist.

1703 – Marie Leszczynska is born to Stanislaus I of Poland and Catherine Opalinska. In 1725, at the age of 22, she married the 15 year old Louis XV of France. She would have ten children, seven surviving childhood, all by 1738. After this Louis began to have several public affairs, with Madame de Pompadour being the most famous. She was not politically involved, but stayed at court and had ceremonial duties. Marie was also popular with the French people, who widely mourned her death in 1768.

1763 – Marie Josephe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie is born on the island Martinique to wealthy land owners. She came to France as a small child, and eventually married Alexandre de Beauharnais, with whom she had a son and a daughter. He died during the Revolution, but Rose emerged, when she finally met an up-and-comer in the Army, Napoleon Bonaparte, who preferred to call her Josephine. Napoleon married Josephine, and became his Empress consort when he was declared Emperor. However the marriage would be dissolved later, as it became obvious she could not have more children. She lived out her days in Paris, where she kept beautiful flower gardens and entertained guests. She died in 1814, and Napoleon was said to be inconsolable. Josephine has many illustrious descendants, which include the Royal houses of Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Norway, and Luxembourg.

1894 – The future King Edward VIII of The United Kingdom is born in southern England. He is the eldest child of George V and Queen Mary. He was made Prince of Wales when he was 16 years old, and served in the military during the First World War, and spent time on the front lines. He was popular with the people and visited areas of low-income families in Britain. He was also a womanizer and seen as irresponsible by his parents. He succeeded to the throne in 1936, but he intended to marry Wallis Simpson, a divorced American. Before the year was out, he abdicated in favor of his brother, Albert. He was named the Duke of Windsor, and he and Wallis lived in exile until their deaths.

Deaths:
1222 – Constance of Aragon died in Italy, died of malaria while in her early 40’s. She had been married twice, the first in 1198, when she was married to Emeric of Hungary. She had a son with him the following year, who was crowned co-ruler at age 5 while his father was dying. Constance served as regent for her son, Ladislaus III, who died in 1205. She was married again in 1209, to Frederick III, and became Queen of Sicily and Germany. In 1220, she became Holy Roman Empress, but she would only be Empress for two years. Her son by Frederick would go on to be Henry VII of Germany.

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June 20th

20 Thursday Jun 2013

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Events:
1567 – The Casket Letters were found on Mary, Queen of Scots. The letters would implicate Mary and the Earl of Bothwell in the murder of Mary’s second husband, Lord Darnley. The Earl of Bothwell would be Mary’s 3rd husband.

1685 – James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, starts a rebellion in England against his uncle, new King James II and VII. Monmouth was the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II and as a Protestant, he was bent on the deposition of his uncle, and having himself installed as King. The younger James was apprehended and later executed for treason.

Birthdays:
1389 – John of Lancaster is born in England to the future Henry IV and Mary de Bohun. He would serve in the military under his brother, Henry V, then later acted as regent for his infant nephew, Henry VI. He continued the Hundred Years War with France, even having their symbolic leader, Joan of Arc, executed. And he would also arrange his nephew’s coronation as King of France. He would pass away at age 46 while in Rouen, France.

1632 – The future Sigismund III Vasa is born. Swedish by birth, he was elected to be King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1587, which sparked the War of Polish Succession, where Sigismund was the victor. From 1592 until 1599, he was also the King of Sweden, but could not hold both territories. He ruled Poland until his death. His reign is looked on positively, and with his death, ended the Golden Age of the Commonwealth.

Deaths:
1605 – Sixteen year old Feodor II of Russia is found dead in his apartments. He was the son of Boris Godunov, and he and his father both ruled Russia during the “Time of Troubles” when the succession was in dispute. While the autopsy stated he died from poisoning, there were reports that he was murdered by agents of another claimant to the throne.

1837 – King William IV of the United Kingdom died at age 71. He had only been king since 1830, after the death of his elder brother, George IV. Like the other British Hanoverian kings, he was also ruler of the German province of Hanover, which he never visited as King. He had spent time in his youth in the Royal Navy, and later was active in the House of Lords. He enacted several reforms during his short reign, including restrictions on child labor, the abolition of slavery in the majority of the colonies, and gave Hanover a constitution. Although he had several illegitimate children, he had none with his wife, Queen Adelaide, when he passed. So the Crown of Britain went to his niece, Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent, now Queen Victoria. Hanover observed Salic law, so his brother, Ernest Augustus, became King there.

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June 19th

19 Wednesday Jun 2013

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Events:
1269 – Louis IX of France issues a proclamation that declares all French Jews must wear a yellow badge identifying themselves or be fined.

1850 – Crown Prince Carl of Sweden and Norway was married in Stockholm to Princess Louise of the Netherlands. It was not a happy marriage, due to their incompatible personalities, and Carl’s numerous affairs.

Birthdays:
1566 – James VI of Scotland is born at Edinburgh Castle as the only child to Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. In 1567, his mother was forced to abdicate in his favor, making James king before his first birthday. He would rule under a series of regents until he was 16. However in 1603, James was named the successor of the childless Queen Elizabeth I of England, making him the first ruler of the entire island. He would rule Scotland for 57 years, the longest at the time. He had some difficulties with the English Parliament, and even plots against his life. Under James, the literary community in the Isles continued to flourish, as well as exploration in the new world. He died at age 58, to be succeeded by his son, Charles I.

1896 – Wallis, Duchess of Windsor was born today in the US, as Bessie Wallis Warfield. She would marry twice, and while living as Wallis Simpson in Britain, she met the Prince of Wales, and future king Edward VIII. Edward’s intention to marry her after his accession to the throne caused a constitutional crisis which led to his abdication in 1936, before his coronation. They married in France in 1937, and lived abroad for the rest of their lives as the Duke and Duchess of Windsor.

Deaths:
1282 – Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon died giving birth to her only child. She was the daughter of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester and Eleanor of England, and thus a granddaughter to King John I. in 1275, she was married to the Prince of Wales, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, by proxy, and finally officially in 1278. She was only about 30 years old.

1584 – Francis, Duke of Anjou, died at age 29 of malaria. He was the youngest son of Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici, and thus the younger brother to three French kings, Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Despite being Catholic, he was heavily involved in the Dutch wars, fighting on the side of the Huguenots. He was also the last suitor to Elizabeth I of England, and she was said to be quite fond of him, but the marriage never took place, due to the unpopularity of the match in England.

1787 – Princess Sophie Helene Beatrice, the youngest daughter of French King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, died just before her first birthday. She had been having convulsions for five or six days, and had been growing new teeth.

1867 – Maximilian I of Mexico is killed by a firing squad. He was an Austrian Archduke as the grandson of Emperor Francis II, and a younger brother of Franz Joseph I. He had spent time in the Austrian Navy, and was married to Charlotte of Belgium. In 1859, he was offered to Imperial Crown of Mexico, which he refused, then refused again in 1861. In 1863 he accepted the crown and lost is Austrian royal status. However, the Mexican monarchists were not in the majority and he was quickly overthrown and captured. He had tried to implement several liberal reforms, and wanted to help the people, but was short sighted in his affairs.

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June 18th

18 Tuesday Jun 2013

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Events:
1429 – The Battle of Patay took place between the French and English, as part of the Hundred Years War. It was a decisive victory for the French, with the teenaged Joan of Arc as one of its leaders. Its been compared as important to the French as Agincourt was to the English.

1633 – Charles I is crowned as King of Scotland. He had been crowned as King of England in London in 1626. It was his first visit to the country since his father’s accession as the English king in 1603.

Birthdays:
1264 – Eleanor of England is born at Windsor Castle as the eldest daughter of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile. She stayed in England while her parents were away on Crusade. In 1293, she married Henry III, Count of Bar, to secure and alliance between England and the province of Bar against the French. She died in 1298, at age 29. Eleanor of buried in Westminster Abbey.

1318 – A girl is also born in England, to Edward II and Isabella of France, to also be christened Eleanor. In 1332, she married the Count of Guelders. She had two children, but it was not a happy marriage. Her husband sent her from court, and tried to have the marriage annulled by saying she had leprosy. However, it was found that she wasn’t, and he was forced to keep her. She would serve as a regent for her eldest son for a short time, but spent her last days at a convent in her adopted homeland.

1901 – A fourth daughter is born to Russian Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra, christened Anastasia Nikolaevna. She was said to be happy and mischievous child, playing pranks on her siblings and household members. She was also close with her sister, Maria, and together they were known as the “Little Pair” by their parents. Anastasia was also close with her hemophiliac brother, Tsarevitch Alexei. During World War I, she wasn’t old enough to be a Nurse, like her two eldest sisters, but still worked in the hospital, spending time trying to cheer wounded soldiers up. She was killed in 1918, along with the rest of her immediate family, following her father’s abdication and their captivity. There were several people to come forward later, claiming to be Anastasia, but the family’s remains were found and identified through DNA, thus putting to rest any claims that she lived.

Deaths:
1291 – Alfonso III of Aragon died at age 27 in Barcelona. He had been king since 1287, at the death of his father Peter III. He would conquer the islands of Majorca and Minorca, and give Aragon its own version of the Magna Carta, but the document would continually undermine royal authority long after his death. He had been betrothed the Eleanor, daughter of Edward I of England, but he died before the marriage could take place.

1866 – Prince Sigismund of Prussia, fourth child of future Emperor Frederick III and Empress Victoria, died of meningitis. He had not yet reached his second birthday. The young Prince was the first of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom’s grandchildren to pass away.

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June 16th

16 Sunday Jun 2013

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Events:
1487 – Today in 1487 marks the last battle of the Wars of the Roses. The relatively new King, Henry VII was still trying to secure his place on the throne. The Earl of Lincoln, John de la Pole, who had been named by Richard III to be his successor, was putting forth a boy, Lambert Simnel as a pretender to the throne. The battle was bloody, but was a final victory for the Lancastrian forces.

Birthdays:
1332 – A daughter named Isabella is born to Edward III and Philippa of Hainault at Woodstock Palace. She was said to be her father’s favourite, and was overindulged as a child. Edward tried to marry her into a powerful alliance, but remained unmarried until she was 33 years old, when she was permitted to marry the Lord de Coucy, later the Count of Soissons and Earl of Bedford. She lived just into the reign of her nephew, Richard II, but her death date is disputed.

1644 – The youngest child of Charles I and Henrietta Maria was born in England, to also be named Henrietta. When she was three years old, she fled England with the rest of her family, and was just five when her father was executed. She would live in the court of her cousin, Louis XIV, and marry Phillippe, Louis’ brother, and also her first cousin, in 1660, after her brother’s restoration as King Charles II. She had two daughters with him, who went on to be Queen consorts of Spain and Sardinia, and was a key player in the secret Treaty of Dover, which attempted to reconcile France and England. She died suddenly at age 26, in France, in 1670.

1937 – In not so dead royalty, Bulgarian Tsar Simeon II is born as the son of Boris III and Tsaritsa Giovanna. In 1943, he became Tsar after the death of his father at age 6. He ruled with his uncle as a regent, but the country was invaded but the Soviets, and in 1946, the monarchy was dissolved and the family was sent into exile. Simeon would live in Spain until the collapse of the Soviet Union, when he returned to Bulgaria, and in 2001, he was elected to the office of Prime Minister until 2005. He never renounced his title, but hasn’t spoke out about his views on possible restoration.

No major deaths.

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