Tag Archives: The Windsors

August 28th

04 Saturday Jan 2014

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Events:
1619 – Ferdinand II is elected Holy Roman Emperor, succeeding his childless cousin, Matthias. Under his rule, the Thirty Years War would start.

1913 – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands officially opened the Peace Palace in The Hague. The concept of diplomats and philanthropists (including Andrew Carnegie). It is the home of the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague Academy of International Law, and other organizations.

1996 – The divorce of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Charles and Diana, would be final. Diana would die suddenly in a car crash the following year.

Birthdays:
1667 – Louise of Mecklenburg-Gustrow is born in Germany to the Ducal family of Mecklenburg-Gustrow. In 1695, she married the future Frederick IV of Denmark, and they became King and Queen in 1699. Frederick was famously unfaithful, even entering into bigamous marriages. She was dutiful, but never very popular. Louise amassed a large collection of religious books during her time, which was donated after her death, with much praise from the clergy. Her son would become Christian IV, but Louise would die in 1721.

1691 – Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel is born in Germany. Elisabeth was the oldest daughter of Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen. In 1708, she married Austrian Archduke Charles in Spain, the future Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI. In 1711, they succeeded to the Imperial throne, but Charles went alone, leaving Elisabeth as Governor of Catalonia, where we was said to be a wise and effective ruler. She joined him later, and gave him four children, with only two surviving into adulthood. Her oldest surviving child would be the indomitable future Empress Maria Theresa. Elisabeth would live well into her daughter’s reign, dying in Vienna at age 58.

1694 – Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg is born to the Duke and Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg. She shared a birthday with her elder sister, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Charlotte was married in 1711, to Tsarevitch Alexei, the son of Peter the Great of Russia. She was isolated at court, and never fully assimilated into the Russian court. Charlotte gave birth to two children, a daughter named Natalia, then a son, the future Peter II. Her death came just a few days after the birth of Peter. She was only 21 years old.

Deaths:

1481 – Afonso V of Portugal died in Lisbon, at age 49. He was the son of King Edward of Portugal and Eleanor of Aragon. In 1438, He became king at age 6, under the rule of a regency. He spent many years on campaign in North Africa, fighting the Muslims by Papal decree. He would attempt to claim the throne of Castile from Isabella I, but to no avail. Afonso would retire after, abdicating in favour of his son, and spending the rest of his life in a monastery.

1943 – Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria died of heart failure in his home country. He had just met with Adolf Hitler a few days before, and it has been suspected that the German leader poisoned him. Her had been Tsar since the abdication of his father, Ferdinand I, in 1918, after World War I. During World War II, Bulgaria was allied with Germany, but Boris did not cede control to the Nazis. Boris also refused to deport Bulgarian Jews, and helped many escape to other countries.

1972 – Prince William of Gloucester died in a crash at an air show. He was the son of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, a grandson to King George V, and a cousin to Queen Elizabeth II. William was just 30 years old, and unmarried. In 1968, he had been diagnosed with porphyria, a blood disorder, but had continued to attend to royal duties. He was close to his cousin, Charles, Prince of Wales, who would name his eldest son in his honor.

Have a great day!

August 27th

04 Saturday Jan 2014

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Events:
1172 – Henry, son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, is crowned as co-King of England. It was the tradition in France at the time, so there would be no interruption in the succession. However, the young Henry would not survive his father, dying during a rebellion against the elder Henry, actually.

Birthdays:
1487 – Anna of Brandenburg is born in Germany to the Electoral family. At a young age, she was betrothed and later married to the Duke of Schleswig and Holstein, also the future Frederick I of Denmark. She would never become Queen though, dying in Kiel at age 26. However her son would go on to be Christian III of Denmark.

1669 – Anne Marie d’Orleans is born in France to Phillippe, Duke of Orleans, and his wife Princess Henriette of England. Phillippe was the younger brother of French King Louis XIV, and Henriette was the daughter of Charles I of England and Scotland. In 1684, she was married to the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus I, who was the future King of Sardinia. They would have 6 children, the first coming just before Anne’s 16th birthday, and which nearly killed her. Her eldest daughter would go to be Dauphine of France, and give birth to Louis XV, another daughter would become Queen consort of Spain, and her son Charles, would become King of Sardinia. She was 59 when she died in 1728.
Its interesting to note, as well, that through her relations to the Stuarts of Britain, she inherited the Jacobite claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland after the death of Cardinal Henry Stuart.

1887 – George, Crown Prince of Serbia is born as the eldest son of King Peter I and Zorka of Montenegro. He would never succeed though, as he kicked a servant to death in 1909, and renounced his right to throne afterwards. His brother would later become King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and George would serve in the military during the Balkan and First World Wars. Later he was locked in an asylum by his brother, and not freed until World War II. He lived into old age, in the city of Belgrade.

Deaths:
1968 – Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark died in London. Born in 1906, her father was Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, younger son of George I of Greece, and her mother was Russian Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna. When she was 11 years old, her family was exiled, and she would live across Europe as a girl. In 1934, she married into the British Royal family, by her nuptials to Prince George, Duke of Kent. They actually had two ceremonies; one at Westminster Abbey, according to Anglican rites, the other according to Greek Orthodox tradition. The latter was conducted privately. They would have three children, before the Duke was killed in 1942. She remained an active member of the British royal family until her death.

August 26th

21 Saturday Dec 2013

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Events:

1346 – The Battle of Crecy takes place as part of the Hundred Years War between France and England. The battle was a major one in the early times of the war, and an important victory for England, who heavily used their famous longbows.

Birthdays:

1469 – Ferdinand II of Naples is born in Italy to king Alfonso II of Naples and Ippolita Maria Sforza. He became king in 1495, when his father abdicated. The French army soon invaded, and Ferdinand would be overthrown. He would be restored the following year, but die shortly after reclaiming his throne.

1819 – Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is born in Germany to the Ducal family. In 1840, he married his young first cousin, Queen Victoria of Great Britain. They would have nine children, and he would be a major influence on Victoria, who was completely devoted and dependent on him. Given the title Prince Consort, he undertook many public causes and was a devoted father to his children. His early death at age 42 plunged Victoria in mourning, from which she would never fully emerge from.

1826 – Princess Alexandra of Bavaria is born as a younger daughter of Ludwig I of Bavaria and Theresa of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Alexandra never had children, or married. Instead she devoted her life to religious and literary pursuits. She would publish several books of poetry and produce plays. Her life was overshadowed by eccentricities and possible mental illness, however.

1944 – In not-so-dead royalty, Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester is born in England as the son of Prince Henry and Princess Alice. He was the youngest grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary, and is a first cousin to Queen Elizabeth II. He undertakes many royal duties and patronages.

Deaths:

1850 – French King Louis Phillippe I died in British exile. He was a member of the Orleans branch of the French royal family, and was declared king in 1830, after the overthrow of Charles X. Initially popular, his policies eventually led to his downfall and forced abdication in 1848.

August 25th

21 Thursday Nov 2013

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No major events.

Birthdays:
1530 – Ivan Vasilyevich is born in Russia to Grand Prince of Moscow Vasili III and Elena Glinskya. When Ivan was just 3 years old, he succeeded his father as Grand Prince of Moscow, after Vasili’s sudden death. In 1547, he was crowned as Tsar of all the Russia’s as Ivan IV. Throughout his reign, he was able to successfully navigate political changes in his nation, however, his economic policies were disastrous for Russia. It would be his harsh nature and quick temper that helped give him the nickname “Ivan the Terrible”. At one point in 1581, his temper got the best of him, and he hit his son, also named Ivan, over the head with a staff, killing the young man. This left his younger son, Feodor, as his heir. Ivan had also been married eight times, and through his children with his first wife, Anastasia Romanovna, the Romanov family would come to rule Russia.

1707 – Louis I of Spain is born in Madrid as the son of King Phillip V and Maria Luisa of Savoy. In 1722, Louis was forced to marry the French Princess Louise Elisabeth d’Orleans. The marriage was unhappy, there would be no children, and Louise was said to be so unhappy, she would refuse to see her husband. His father abdicated in 1724, but Louis’ reign would be short lived, as he died of smallpox just 7 months later. Phillip, his father, returned to the throne.

1786 – The future Ludwig I of Bavaria is born to Maximillian I Joseph and Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt. He succeeded his father in 1825 and ruled until his abdication in 1848. In 1810, he married Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, and the following celebration was the first Oktoberfest. His policies got more and more repressive as time went on, until revolution struck and forced him to abdicate. His remaining years were spent on cultural projects and buildings, during the reign of his son, Maximilian II.

1845 – Ludwig II of Bavaria is born in Munich. He was the eldest son of Maximilian II of Bavaria and Marie of Prussia. He became King at age 18, after his father died suddenly in 1864. His youth and dashing good looks made him very popular. Ludwig was a great patron of the arts, including composer Richard Wagner. He also began construction on palaces throughout Bavaria, including the famed Neuschwanstein Castle, which he paid for out of his own pocket. However in 1886, he was deposed by his ministers, who had him declared insane by doctors who never examined him. The day after he was moved, he was found dead in waist deep water, with no water in his lungs. He was 40 years old at his death, childless, and succeeded by his actually insane brother, Otto, with their uncle as regent.

Deaths:
1270 – King Louis IX of France died in Africa while fighting on the Eighth Crusade. He was the son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile, and became King in 1226. Louis was later canonized by the Catholic church and he is he only French king to be Sainted. Because of his veneration, he is pictured as the quintessential Christian monarch, and many cities, including the American city of Saint Louis, Missouri.

1482 – Margaret of Anjou dies in France at age 52. She would be married to Henry VI of England in 1445. The would have one son, called Edward of Westminster. Margaret also became one of the principal figures in the War of the Roses, when she acted as regent for her husband during his bouts of mental instability. She helped to lead the Lancastrian forces before her husband’s overthrow, and after his restoration in 1470. However, after the defeat of the Lancasters in 1471. She was captured and later ransomed back to France. She was vilified throughout most of history and even referred to as a “She-wolf of France” by Shakespeare in the plays about her husband.

1699 – Christian V of Denmark died in Copenhagen.He was the son of Frederick III and Queen Sophie Amalie and the father of the future Frederick IV. He was quite popular with the common people for allowing them into state service. Christian is considered to be one of the more poorly educated Danish kings, a title which he seemed to be okay with. He lists his primary interests in his memoirs as “hunting, love-making, war and maritime affairs”.

1942 – Prince George, Duke of Kent is killed in battle during World War II. He was the son of King George V and Queen Mary. He was the younger brother to Edward VIII and George VI, and thus the paternal uncle to Queen Elizabeth II. He was given the title Duke of Kent in 1934, and it would pass to his son, Prince Edward, at his death.

August 15th

27 Tuesday Aug 2013

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Events:
1760 – The Battle of Liegnitz took place in Prussia between the forces of King Frederick the Great and the Austrians, being led by Ernst von Laudon. It would be a sound defeat for the Austrians, who lost almost 5000 soldiers in 30 minutes.

Birthdays:
1171 – Alfonso IX of Leon is born to King Ferdinand II of Leon, and Urraca of Portugal. He became King in 1188, and ruled until 1230. He convened the Cortes of Leon, which is said to be the oldest form of Parliament in Europe. He had been excommunicated by the Pope for a time, because of his unsanctioned marriage to Berengaria of Castile. When he died, his son, Ferdinand succeeded him. Ferdinand was already King of Castile, through his mother’s claim, thus uniting the two regions of Spain.

1769 – Napoleone Buonaparte is born on the island of Corsica. Later, while serving in the military in France, he adopted the French spelling of his name, making it Napoleon Bonaparte. He would move up through the ranks in the military, then in 1799, Bonaparte was declared First Consul of France. Five years later, he was given the title ‘Emperor of the French’. Through the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, he captured most of continental Europe, but after a failed invasion of Russia, things collapsed, with his eventual abdication and exile to the island of Elba. Napoleon escaped captivity on Elba, returned to France, and attempted to reclaim his throne, but he was thwarted again, and sent back to exile on the British controlled island of St. Helena, where he died in 1821.

1950 – Anne, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom was born today in 1950 to the future Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Phillip.

Deaths:
1038 – Stephen I of Hungary dies in Hungary. He had been Grand Prince of Hungary from 997 until about 1000, when he became the first king of Hungary. He was also a champion for the early Christian church in the nation, and was later sainted. He would unify Hungary also under his banner, and is still considered a national hero.

1057 – MacBeth, King of Scotland died in battle. He had been King of Alba since 1040, after the death of Duncan I. He was involved in the strife in England, between Godwin, Earl of Essex, and Edward the Confessor. In contrary to the Shakespearean play, he was a good and just ruler.

1369 – Philippa of Hainault died at age 55 in London. She was born in Valenciennes to the Count and Countess of Hainault, Holland, and Zeeland. Her betrothal to the future Edward III of England was at first to gain her father’s support in Isabella, Edward’s mother’s, invasion of England. But Edward and Philippa did love each other and were said to be quite devoted. Edward trusted her enough to leave her as regent during his trips abroad and she would accompany him on some. They would have fourteen children. Philippa was well loved and admired by the people of England for her piety, charity, and compassion.

Have an awesome day!

August 8th

19 Monday Aug 2013

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Events:
1503 – Princess Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII of England married King James IV of Scotland. Their son would go on to be James V, and their granddaughter is the famous Queen Mary of Scots.

1553 – Edward VI was lady to rest in Henry VII’s Lady Chapel. His grave was actually unmarked except for a marble slab until 1966. Edward was the only surviving legitimate son of Henry VIII and was about 15 when he died and had been King since age 9.

Birthdays:
1824 – Maria Alexandrovna, future Empress consort of Russia, is born today in Hesse, Germany. She was the daughter of Louis II of Hesse and Wilhelmine of Baden, however Louis was probably not her biological father. She married the future Tsar in 1841, and despite not enjoying the climate, she bore eight children, including the future Alexander III. Alexander was kind to her in public, but had numerous affairs. Maria died in 1880 at age 55, and Alexander remarried morganatically just one month later.

1920 – Prince Carol Lambrino of Romania is born in Bucharest to King Carol II and Zizi Lambrino. The marriage between his parents had been annulled before his birth, under questionable legality. He lived abroad with his mother as a child, but was in contact with his father, who recognized him as his son and heir. In 1955, after the death of his father, Carol sued and won the right to use the Royal family name, and inherited part of his father’s estate. However he would be fought every step of the way by his half-brother, the deposed Michael I of Romania, until Carol died in 2006.

1988 – In not so dead royalty, Princess Beatrice of York is born in London to Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and Sarah, Duchess of York. She is currently 6th in line to the British throne and the first female.

Deaths:
1303 – Castilian Infante Henry the Senator died in Spain. He was serving as regent for his grand-nephew, Ferdinand IV of Castile. Henry had grown up as the fourth son of Ferdinand III of Castile and his first wife, Beatrice of Swabia. After the death of his father, he attempted to rebel against his elder brother, now Alfonso X, but the rebellion would fail, and Henry ran to the court of his half-siser, Eleanor, who was Queen consort of England. He had also spent time on expeditions in Africa and fought in Italy.

Have an awesome day!

August 4th

13 Tuesday Aug 2013

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Events:
1265 – The Battle of Evesham takes place in England as part of the Second Baron’s War. The army of King Henry III, led by his son, the future Edward I, would defeat the rebels. Simon de Montfort, the leader of the rebels would be killed in battle.

Birthdays:
1900 – Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon is born to the future Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. In 1921, Prince Albert, Duke of York proposed marriage to her. She declined, stating she didn’t want to be in the public eye as a royal. He would ask again, and again, Elizabeth refused. Finally in 1923, he asked a third time, and she agreed. She would be the first royal bride to lay her bouquet at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, in honor of her brother who died in World War I. Ten years later Elizabeth and Bertie became King and Queen of the United Kingdom, who already had two young daughters, the future Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret. She remained in the public life and was a popular member of the royal family up through her daughter’s reign. She passed away in 2002, shortly after the death of her daughter Margaret.

1906 – Marie Jose of Belgium is born to King Albert I and Elisabeth of Bavaria. In 1930, she married Prince Umberto of Italy, becoming the Princess of Piedmont. They would have four children, despite the marriage being unhappy. She would be active in Italian politics, even throughout World War II. In 1946, she became Queen consort when her father in law abdicated, but 35 days later, the monarchy was abolished in Italy. They lived in Portugal for a time, but she and Umberto decided to separate, and Marie would move to Switzerland with her children. She lived there, in Mexico briefly, and returned to Italy after her husbands death. She herself died in Geneva at age 94.

Deaths:
1060 – Henry I of France died at age 52. He had been king on his own since 1031, when his father, Robert II died. He has the mixed legacy of being a strong king, but other Capetian historians believing he was the personification of the weakness of the Capets. He was succeeded by his son, Phillip I, who was seven years old. Henry’s third wife and Phillip’s mother, Anna of Kiev, would serve as regent.

1306 – The 16 year old Wenceslaus II of Bohemia died suddenly. He was the son of Wenceslaus II and Judith of Habsburg. He had been king of Bohemia since 1301, and King of Hungary, Croatia, and Poland since 1305. He had also married in 1305, but had no legitimate heirs.

1578 – Sebastian I of Portugal died in battle against the Moors. He was just 24 years old. He had been king since age 3, when his grandfather John III died. Sebastian’s father had died before his birth, and his mother left while he was still a baby, to serve as regent for her family’s Habsburg lands. His grandmother was his domineering regent, and Sebastian grew up very devout. His death left a succession crisis in Portugal.

Have a great day!

July 29th

08 Thursday Aug 2013

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Events:
1565 – Mary, Queen of Scots married her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. They would have one son together, the future James VI and I of Scotland and England. The marriage would end with Darnley’s death in 1567.

1567 – James VI of Scotland (later also known James I of England) was crowned at Stirling Castle. He was only a year old.

1863 – The Arc de Triomphe is dedicated in Paris in honor of all the soldiers who died in the Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

1981 – Charles, Prince of Wales married Lady Diana Spencer in Saint Paul’s Cathedral in London. It was a beautiful and lavish ceremony. There were over 3000 people in attendance, including the majority of European Royals, and an estimated 750 million people from around the world watched on television.

Birthdays:
1846 – Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil is born in Rio de Janeiro to Emperor Pedro II and Empress Teresa Christina. Her parents would have no surviving sons, so she would be her father’s heir. She would marry a French Count, and was said to be learned, and spoke four languages. Three times she would serve as regent for her father, during his absences abroad. She was well liked by the public, and in 1888, she would sign the Golden Law, which freed all slaves in Brazil. The people gave her the nickname “the Redemptress” for her action. However it was widely unpopular with nobles and wealthy landowners. The following year the monarchy in Brazil would be deposed and Isabel lived out her days on her husbands lands in France.

Deaths:
1030 – Olaf II of Norway died in exile after trying to reclaim his throne. He had been King from 1015 until 1028. He is still a cultural hero in Norway. Olaf is depicted in Norway’s coat of arms, and after his death, he was both given the title of Norway’s Eternal King, and was canonized as a Saint. Also the Norwegian Order of St. Olav is named for him.

1095 – Ladislaus I of Hungary died in his nation after almost twenty years on the throne. He became King after his brother, Geza I. He ruled during a time of civil war with his cousins, but he greatly expanded Hungarian territory and was widely loved but he was a harsh legislator. One hundred years after his death he would be canonized as a Saint of the Catholic Church.

1108 – Philip I of France died at age 56. He had been King since age 7, with his mother, Anna of Kiev serving as his regent. He was much more a successful ruler than his father, and his 48 years on the throne was unprecedented at the time. He would be married twice and he would be succeeded by his son as Louis VI.

1900 – Umberto I of Italy was assassinated. His killer said he wanted to avenge the people who died in the Beva-Beccaris massacre two years before. He also attempted to expand Italy’s colonial presence in Africa and his reign would be one of political and social turmoil.

Have an awesome day!

July 26th

05 Monday Aug 2013

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Events:
1469 – The Battle of Edgecote Moor takes place as part of the Wars of the Roses. The forces of King Edward IV and Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick met and was a turning point in the war. Neville had helped Edward win the throne, but would then help Henry VI reclaim it, after being embarrassed by Edward.

1581 – The Low Countries (modern day Netherlands) issued the Act of Abjuration which declared it independence from the Spanish rule of Phillip II.

1936 – King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom performed one of his few official duties before his abdication. He unveiled the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France, which commemorated Canadian soldiers killed in France during World War I. Edward would abdicate before the year was out.

Birthdays:
1678 – The future Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I is born In Vienna. He was crowned King of Hungary in 1687 at age 9, King of the Romans in 1690 at 11, and finally Emperor in 1705 at the death of his father, Leopold I. He had continued the War of Spanish Succession to install his brother as King of Spain. Instead his brother would succeed him as Emperor, becoming Charles VI. Joseph had two daughters though, the eldest becoming Queen consort of Poland, the younger eventually becoming Holy Roman Empress, when her husband, a Bavarian prince, was elected as Charles VII. He would die at age 32 of smallpox.

Deaths:
1801 – Austrian Archduke Maximilian Francis died today in Vienna. He was the youngest child of Emperor Francis I and Empress Maria Theresa. He spent most of his life in the church as both a Bishop and Archbishop. He was also one of the first employers and patrons of a young Ludwig von Beethoven.

1867 – The former Greek King Otto I died in his native Bavaria at age 52. In 1832 he was proclaimed King of Greece after the Convention of London, which gave Greece its autonomy. In 1843, he gave Greece its first constitution. Unfortunately due to the political pressure and military failures during the Crimean War, Otto was deposed in 1862.

Have an awesome day!

July 23rd

01 Thursday Aug 2013

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Events:
1745 – Charles Stuart, or ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’ landed on the islands of Northern Scotland, planning to invade and install his father, James Stuart “The Old Pretender” on the throne of England and Scotland.

1914 – Austria-Hungary would issue to July Ultimatum to Serbia, demanding Austria be allowed to investigate the assassination of Archuduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne. Serbia would go on the reject the ultimatum, kicking off World War I.

1986 – Prince Andrew, Duke of York, married Sarah Ferguson. The wedding took place at Westminster Abbey. The couple had two daughters, Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie, but divorced in 1996.

Birthdays:
1503 – Anne of Bohemia and Hungary was born today in 1503 in modern day Budapest. She was the daughter of Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and Anne de Foix. In 1521, she married Austrian Archduke Ferdinand who later became Holy Roman Emperor as Ferdinand I. They had 15 children in all, which include a Holy Roman Emperor and two Polish Queens consort. All of her children were married into the various royal and noble families of continental Europe. She was 43 when she passed away in Prague.

Deaths:
1536 – Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of Henry VIII died, possibly of tuberculosis, at age 17. At the time of his death, there was a bill going through Parliament disinheriting his half-sister Elizabeth. Part of that bill would have allowed Henry VIII to name his successor, whether illegitimate or not. Some modern historians believe this would have been used by Henry to allow his son to become King should he not have a legitimate son.

Have an awesome day!